{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:16:10Z","timestamp":1788254170971,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex complication of liver failure involving oxidative stress, astroglial activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and multiorgan disturbances along the gut\u2013liver\u2013brain axis. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of liraglutide (LIRA) in a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced rat model of HE. Thirty male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were assigned to control, TAA, and TAA+LIRA 100, 200, or 400 \u00b5g\/kg groups. HE was induced with TAA (200 mg\/kg, intraperitoneally) for three consecutive days, followed by subcutaneous LIRA treatment for 14 days. Serum biochemical parameters, tissue oxidative and inflammatory markers, histopathology, and Nrf2, MFN2, AKT1, mTOR, GFAP, and VEGFA immunoreactivity were evaluated. TAA caused marked hepatic and cerebral structural injury, increased serum and brain glutamine concentrations, disrupted redox homeostasis, elevated MPO activity, and increased cerebral GFAP and multiorgan VEGFA immunoreactivity. LIRA partially improved hepatic and cerebral histopathology, reduced glutamine disturbances, attenuated selected oxidative, nitrosative, and inflammatory alterations, and modulated Nrf2, MFN2, AKT1, mTOR, GFAP, and VEGFA immunoreactivity in a tissue- and dose-specific manner. The 200 \u00b5g\/kg dose produced the most consistent overall improvement, whereas the 400 \u00b5g\/kg dose was less favorable for several endpoints. LIRA may therefore alleviate multiorgan stress associated with experimental HE, although further studies are required to confirm functional and mechanistic relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1787572039000},"page":"7538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liraglutide Attenuates Multiorgan Oxidative, Astroglial, and Mitochondrial Stress Responses in Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatic Encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1582-223X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasin","family":"Bilgin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, 24100 Erzincan, 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