{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T12:25:59Z","timestamp":1787574359695,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP18H03014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18H03014"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP24K13278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K13278"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP26K02602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP26K02602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the present study was to investigate how periodontitis and diabetes mellitus (DM) are associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) through microRNA (miRNA) using AD model mice. The experimental period was 8 weeks. Twenty-four male knock-in mice (B6-AppNL-G-F\/NL-G-F\/J) were divided into four groups: control group fed a normal diet (C), DM group fed a high-fat\/sucrose diet (DM), periodontitis (P) group, and DM + periodontitis (DM+P) group. Memory performance was compared using the Y-maze test. Next-generation sequencing was performed on brain samples, and fold changes in miRNA expression were calculated by comparing the DM+P and C groups. Integrated miRNA\u2013mRNA analysis identified putative miRNA-targeted mRNAs, and protein expression of the top candidate gene was assessed. Memory function in the DM+P group was significantly lower than in the C group. Among the seven mRNAs identified by the integrated analysis, Neurod1 showed the greatest decrease in expression, and it was predicted to be regulated by miR-693-3p. Neurod1 protein expression in the hippocampus was significantly lower in the DM+P group than the C group. Our results suggest that the combined exposure to periodontitis and DM was associated with AD-like pathological changes and identified the miR-693-3p\/Neurod1 pair as a candidate regulatory axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1787572039000},"page":"7542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of the Association of Periodontitis and Diabetes Mellitus with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in a Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9044-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Momoko","family":"Nakahara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Kataoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Division of Dentistry, Medical Development Field, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2205-8310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayuki","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9009-9098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Nurhamim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiki","family":"Fukuhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Uchida-Fukuhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama 240-0193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Monirul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Policy Studies, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3104-6517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manabu","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Takarazuka 531-0071, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9659-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1876-5605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Ekuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000109998","article-title":"Prevalence of Dementia in the United States: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study","volume":"29","author":"Plassman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a006312","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006312","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E and Apolipoprotein E Receptors: Normal Biology and Roles in Alzheimer Disease","volume":"2","author":"Holtzman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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