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J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive dopaminergic degeneration and maladaptive motor cortical plasticity. However, the cellular pathways underlying cortical surface activity in the primary motor cortex (M1) remain unclear, despite serving as a potential target for electrotherapy. We investigated the excitatory\u2013inhibitory (E-I) balance and synaptic plasticity of superficial M1 circuits in a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced rat model of PD. Using extracellular local field potential and whole-cell patch recordings from the contralateral and ipsilateral M1 hemispheres of hemi-parkinsonian rats, we observed a significantly elevated field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) input\u2013output function but unchanged intrinsic neuronal excitability in the M1 superficial layer. An altered relative contribution between alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)- and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated transmission was reflected by a significantly increased AMPA\/NMDA ratio. Markedly reduced inhibitory synaptic tone was also evidenced by the decreased amplitude and frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs), supporting an E-I imbalance favoring excitation in PD. Furthermore, group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1\/5)-dependent long-term depression (LTD) was abolished in the ipsilateral PD hemisphere, whereas NMDAR-dependent LTD remained intact. In summary, dopamine depletion appears to enhance network excitation and disrupt mGluR1\/5-mediated control of M1 surface circuitry. Our findings identify altered cortical surface mGluR-dependent plasticity in the hemi-parkinsonian model; however, the relationship between these electrophysiological alterations and individual motor outcomes remains to be determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T13:20:43Z","timestamp":1787577643000},"page":"7564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Altered Excitation\u2013Inhibition Balance and mGluR1\/5-Driven Plasticity in the Motor Cortical Surface in a Rat Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4335-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongseong","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Brain-Machine Interface, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6676-0131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon Ji","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9932-6152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjung","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taewoo","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Bi","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Mi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Geun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain-Machine Interface, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7172-2500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungchil","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunggu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Brain-Machine Interface, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"gBrain Inc., Incheon 21984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00727-w","article-title":"Understanding the role of cerebellum in early Parkinson\u2019s disease: A structural and functional MRI study","volume":"10","author":"Pietracupa","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Park. 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