{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:19:16Z","timestamp":1788963556994,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009601","name":"Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PX2020035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PX2020035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PX2020035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PX2020035"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04baakq55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Ward Excellence Program of Beijing Healthcare Commission","award":["BRWEP2024W022010110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRWEP2024W022010110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a severe autoimmune neurological disorder characterized by pathogenic antibodies against the NMDAR. A systematic protein profiling approach is warranted to identify biomarkers capable of predicting disease status. An Olink proximity extension assay (PEA) profiled 91 inflammation-related proteins from anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients. Disease severity or prognosis were assessed by CASE score or mRS score at 6-month follow-up. Patients were stratified into distinct molecular clusters using unsupervised clustering. Logistic regression models incorporating selected biomarkers were developed to predict disease severity and prognosis, followed by absolute quantification using ELISA. Patients were classified into four consensus clusters. Clusters 1 and 2 corresponded to the mild group, while Cluster 3 represented the severe group, consistent with CASE score above 6. Cluster 4 showed heterogeneous clinical features. Elevated serum levels of IL-10, IL-6, and SIRT2, as well as increased CSF levels of CXCL10, CXCL11, and MMP10, were positively associated with severe disease. Conversely, several proteins including LTA and CCL11, CCL8, TGFB1, CXCL6 were associated with severe disease or unfavorable 6-month outcomes. A logistic regression model combining serum CXCL6 and CCL11 with CSF MMP10 achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.95 for predicting disease severity. Serum CCL11 alone showed predictive value for 6-month prognosis, with an AUC of 0.79. These findings delineate distinct protein signatures associated with clinical heterogeneity of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Prediction models incorporating multiple biomarkers may provide an approach for disease severity stratification and prognosis forecast.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:49:34Z","timestamp":1787582974000},"page":"7577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protein Profiling Identifies Biomarkers for Predicting Disease Severity in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Shufang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5216-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawei","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuting","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoliang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongshan","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China"},{"name":"Institute of Sleep and Consciousness Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708712","article-title":"Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis","volume":"378","author":"Dalmau","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. 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