{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:27:30Z","timestamp":1787646450668,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU) and the Spanish Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-119441RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-119441RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU) and the Spanish Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2023-151327OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2023-151327OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PID2020-119441RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-119441RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PID2023-151327OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2023-151327OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salinity is a major constraint to crop productivity. Beneficial plant\u2013fungus interactions represent a promising strategy to enhance stress resilience. Here, we investigated fungal endophytes isolated from the roots of Oryza sativa cultivated in saline-prone marshlands of the Guadalquivir River, Spain. From a collection of 38 isolates, five salt-tolerant strains exhibiting plant growth-promoting activity were identified, including a previously uncharacterized Reticulascus sp. strain S5. Co-cultivation assays with the non-native host plant Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrated that S5 increased the root and shoot biomass under salt stress. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, a comprehensive RNA-Seq analysis of the roots and shoots under control and saline conditions was performed. Fungal colonization induced pronounced transcriptomic changes, particularly in the shoots, including rewiring of the auxin- and abscisic acid-related pathways and the induction of genes associated with cell wall remodeling. Concurrently, defense-related processes, including glucosinolate biosynthesis and ethylene signaling, were broadly repressed, suggesting attenuated stress perception in colonized plants. In the roots, S5 inoculation suppressed the expression of genes involved in root hair development and cell wall organization, indicating a fungus-driven reconfiguration of root development. Moreover, comparative analysis with Fusarium sp. K-23, a fungus that has previously been demonstrated to promote plant growth under salinity stress, revealed distinct root-associated mechanisms but convergence on a shared regulatory module in shoots involving ABA-responsive transcription factors and osmotic stress regulators. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that Reticulascus sp. S5 enhances plant salt stress tolerance through the coordinated transcriptional reprogramming of growth, hormone signaling, and stress responses, highlighting a possible potential of habitat-adapted endophytes for sustainable crop improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:00:48Z","timestamp":1787644848000},"page":"7590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Habitat-Adapted Fungal Symbionts Promote Salt Stress Tolerance Through Distinct Root Mechanisms and Shared Shoot Regulatory Networks in Arabidopsis thaliana"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7553-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Fenoll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, National Institute of Agricultural Research and Technology and Food (INIA\/CSIC), Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), Montegancedo Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Ortega-Villaiz\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, National Institute of Agricultural Research and Technology and Food (INIA\/CSIC), Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), Montegancedo Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Dobreva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, National Institute of Agricultural Research and Technology and Food (INIA\/CSIC), Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), Montegancedo Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7194-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Morales-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Cinco Poniente #1670, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8341-314X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Microorganism Interaction Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460787, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6332-1712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Vicente-Carbajosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, National Institute of Agricultural Research and Technology and Food (INIA\/CSIC), Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), Montegancedo Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda-Biolog\u00eda Vegetal, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Agron\u00f3mica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3528-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, National Institute of Agricultural Research and Technology and Food (INIA\/CSIC), Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), Montegancedo Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda-Biolog\u00eda Vegetal, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Agron\u00f3mica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7400-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, National Institute of Agricultural Research and Technology and Food (INIA\/CSIC), Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), Montegancedo Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda-Biolog\u00eda Vegetal, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Agron\u00f3mica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5111-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Pollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, National Institute of Agricultural Research and Technology and Food (INIA\/CSIC), Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), Montegancedo Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda-Biolog\u00eda Vegetal, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Agron\u00f3mica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911","article-title":"Mechanisms of Salinity 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