{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:17:45Z","timestamp":1787894265573,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (eCRSwNP) is characterized by type 2 inflammation, including M2 macrophage infiltration. Baicalein is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of baicalein in a papain-induced eosinophilic rhinosinusitis model and to determine whether it acts through arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15)-dependent M2 macrophage function. Clinical nasal samples from controls, non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (neCRSwNP), and eCRSwNP were analyzed for ALOX15 expression and localization. THP-1 cells were differentiated and polarized toward M2 macrophages, and the effects of baicalein on ALOX15 expression, lipid peroxidation, cytokine secretion, and transcriptomic profile were examined. The ALOX15 inhibitor PD146176 was used for target validation. A murine eosinophilic rhinosinusitis model was established by intranasal papain instillation, followed by baicalein treatment. Mucosal inflammation, IgE levels, proteoglycan 2 (PRG2)\/ALOX15 expression, and immune cell infiltration were evaluated. ALOX15 was upregulated in eCRSwNP tissues and localized to CD68+CD206+ M2 macrophages. In vitro, M2 polarization increased ALOX15 expression and lipid peroxidation. Baicalein suppressed ALOX15 expression, lipid peroxidation, and the secretion of CCL22, CCL2, CXCL12, FGF-2, and IL-15. PD146176 produced similar effects, and baicalein showed no additional effect after ALOX15 blockade. RNA sequencing revealed transcriptional remodeling in M2 macrophages after baicalein treatment. In vivo, papain increased ethmoid sinus mucosal thickening, serum IgE, PRG2\/ALOX15 positive cells, and infiltration of CD45+ immune cells, CD170+ eosinophils, F4\/80+ macrophages, and B220+ B cells. Baicalein significantly alleviated all these pathological changes. In conclusion, baicalein attenuates papain-induced eCRSwNP-like inflammation by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and ALOX15-associated M2 macrophage secretory function. The ALOX15\/M2 macrophage axis may represent a potential therapeutic target for eCRSwNP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:59:57Z","timestamp":1787749197000},"page":"7651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Baicalein Attenuates Eosinophilic Rhinosinusitis by Suppressing ALOX15-Mediated M2 Macrophage Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8686-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7942-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7825-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surita","family":"Aodeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4178-1275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianhui","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9440-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.401","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100401","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis","volume":"12","author":"Schleimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. 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