{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:22:58Z","timestamp":1787750578215,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004539","name":"Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FF(KU-SRIU)20.67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF(KU-SRIU)20.67"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial diseases caused by Flavobacterium covae (Fc), Vibrio harveyi (Vh), Vibrio vulnificus (Vv) and Photobacterium damselae (Pd) seriously constrain Asian seabass aquaculture. Here we dissect the mucosal immune mechanisms engaged by a five-month sequential vaccination strategy that combines nanoemulsion immersion priming with multivalent oral hydrogel boosting. Juvenile seabass were vaccinated, then challenged with F. covae by freshwater immersion and with a Vibrio\u2013Photobacterium (Vh\/Vv\/Pd) mix by immersion or intraperitoneal injection. Gills were sampled after immersion challenges and intestine after injection, and profiled by RNA sequencing and label-free quantitative proteomics, with selected genes validated by RT-qPCR. Principal component analysis showed clear separation of vaccinated and control fish in all tissues and challenges, indicating a strong and coherent transcriptional reprogramming. Vaccination markedly increased the number of upregulated genes, with Gene Ontology enrichment revealing dominant signatures of ribosome biogenesis, RNA processing, lysosomal organization and immune response. KEGG analysis highlighted cytokine receptor interaction; NOD and Toll-like receptor signaling; oxidative phosphorylation; and phagosome, lysosome and cell adhesion molecule pathways, consistent with heightened antimicrobial readiness. Volcano plots and focused heatmaps showed strong induction of interferon-stimulated genes, cytokines and chemokine receptors, complement components, macrophage mannose receptor, epithelial barrier mediators and numerous immunoglobulin transcripts, with tissue- and challenge-specific patterns. Proteomics corroborated these trends, demonstrating a higher abundance of immunoglobulin heavy chains, complement proteins, cathepsins, heat shock and redox chaperones, ribosomal proteins and cytoskeletal and adhesion regulators in vaccinated mucosae. Integrated pathway mapping linked endothelial adhesion molecules and leukocyte integrins with T cell costimulation networks and an intestinal immune network for immunoglobulin production, including enhanced pIgR-mediated transcytosis. Overall, the sequential vaccination regimen was associated with coordinated transcriptomic and proteomic signatures related to epithelial responses, innate immunity, and humoral immune functions across gill and intestinal tissues. These molecular patterns were accompanied by improved survival following bacterial challenge; however, the present data do not directly demonstrate the functional activity of the inferred immune mechanisms in Asian seabass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:59:57Z","timestamp":1787749197000},"page":"7652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptomic and Proteomic Insights into Mucosal Immune Responses of Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) After Sequential Mucosal Vaccination Against Bacterial Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6018-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chatchai","family":"Rodwihok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Research Incubator Unit for Development and Application of Vaccine Delivery Systems for Aquatic Animals, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3550-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim D.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0087-0047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pakapon","family":"Meachasompop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Research Incubator Unit for Development and Application of Vaccine Delivery Systems for Aquatic Animals, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1354-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benchawan","family":"Kumwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Research Incubator Unit for Development and Application of Vaccine Delivery Systems for Aquatic Animals, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2445-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosapon","family":"Adisornprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Research Incubator Unit for Development and Application of Vaccine Delivery Systems for Aquatic Animals, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pimrawee","family":"Chaemlek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Research Incubator Unit for Development and Application of Vaccine Delivery Systems for Aquatic Animals, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0354-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prapansak","family":"Srisapoome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Research Incubator Unit for Development and Application of Vaccine Delivery Systems for Aquatic Animals, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5041-2535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patcharapong","family":"Thangsunan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2198-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pattanapong","family":"Thangsunan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, and Research Laboratory on Advanced Materials for Sensor and Biosensor Innovation, Material Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wararut","family":"Buncharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Passakorn","family":"Kingwascharapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5711-9294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Channarong","family":"Rodkhum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natthapong","family":"Paankhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamphaeng Saen Fisheries Research Station, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1782-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anurak","family":"Uchuwittayakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Research Incubator Unit for Development and Application of Vaccine Delivery Systems for Aquatic Animals, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veedu, A.K., and Thomas, J. (2026). Probiotics and prebiotics as alternatives to antibiotics in aquaculture: A systematic and bibliometric review of antimicrobial and antioxidant mechanisms. Front. Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1784036"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.743290","article-title":"Aquaculture shapes antibiotic resistance in Mediterranean gilthead sea bream farming: From hatcheries to offshore cages","volume":"613","author":"Basili","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25655-8","article-title":"Twenty-year trends in antimicrobial resistance from aquaculture and fisheries in Asia","volume":"12","author":"Schar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pepi, M., and Focardi, S. (2021). Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Aquaculture and Climate Change: A Challenge for Health in the Mediterranean Area. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115723"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78849-3","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in aquaculture","volume":"10","author":"Schar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz-Atienza, E., Diaz-Rosales, P., and Tafalla, C. (2020). Systemic and Mucosal B and T Cell Responses Upon Mucosal Vaccination of Teleost Fish. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.622377"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-022-00884-w","article-title":"A review on the recent advances and application of vaccines against fish pathogens in aquaculture","volume":"30","author":"Mondal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathor, G.S., and Swain, B. (2024). Advancements in Fish Vaccination: Current Innovations and Future Horizons in Aquaculture Health Management. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202402.1353.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Hu, X., Miao, L., and Chen, J. (2022). Current status and development prospects of aquatic vaccines. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1040336"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Middha, S.K., Menon, S.V., Paital, B., Gokarn, S., Nelli, M., Rajanikanth, R.B., Chandra, H.M., Mugunthan, S.P., and Kantwa, S.M. (2024). Current Challenges of Vaccination in Fish Health Management. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14182692"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-026-02471-9","article-title":"Advances in aquatic immersion vaccines: Technological evolution, strategies for overcoming mucosal barriers, and future prospects","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Wang, Q., Huang, Z., Ding, L., and Xu, Z. (2020). Immunoglobulins, Mucosal Immunity and Vaccination in Teleost Fish. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.567941"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.01.005","article-title":"Mucosal delivery of fish vaccines: Local and systemic immunity following mucosal immunisations","volume":"99","author":"Somamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Liu, J., Liu, G., Du, H., Liu, T., Wang, G., Wang, Q., Zhou, Y., and Wang, E. (2023). Exploring the Immunoprotective Potential of a Nanocarrier Immersion Vaccine Encoding Sip against Streptococcus Infection in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11071262"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, B., Zhang, C., Zhao, Z., and Wang, G.X. (2020). Targeted Delivery of Mannosylated Nanoparticles Improve Prophylactic Efficacy of Immersion Vaccine against Fish Viral Disease. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010087"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4579","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S359118","article-title":"The Mucoadhesive Nanoparticle-Based Delivery System in the Development of Mucosal Vaccines","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bashir, S., Phuoc, N.N., Herath, T., Basit, A., Zadoks, R.N., and Murdan, S. (2023). An oral pH-responsive Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine formulation provides protective immunity to pathogen challenge in tilapia: A proof-of-concept study. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278277"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.12.034","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and evaluation of the immune effect of alginate\/chitosan composite microspheres encapsulating recombinant protein of Streptococcus iniae designed for oral vaccination","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110230","article-title":"Evaluation of a hydrogel platform for encapsulated multivalent Vibrio antigen delivery to enhance immune responses and disease protection against vibriosis in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)","volume":"160","author":"Uchuwittayakul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.109293","article-title":"Immersion prime and oral boost vaccination with an inactivated Vibrio harveyi vaccine confers a specific immune response and protection in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)","volume":"144","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741165","article-title":"Oral booster effects of bivalent nanovaccine-primed fingerlings of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790) to prevent streptococcosis and columnaris diseases","volume":"592","author":"Vanichavetin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110354","article-title":"Evaluation of immune responses and protection in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790) against Vibrio vulnificus using immersion and oral nanoemulsion vaccines","volume":"162","author":"Rodwihok","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2021.104079","article-title":"Mucosal immunoglobulins of teleost fish: A decade of advances","volume":"121","author":"Salinas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay3254","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aay3254","article-title":"Specialization of mucosal immunoglobulins in pathogen control and microbiota homeostasis occurred early in vertebrate evolution","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109823","article-title":"Molecular structure and functional responses of IgM, IgT and IgD to Flavobacterium covae and Streptococcus iniae infection in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790)","volume":"153","author":"Uchuwittayakul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopo, M.G., Mabrok, M., Abu-Elala, N., and Yu, Y. (2024). Navigating Fish Immunity: Focus on Mucosal Immunity and the Evolving Landscape of Mucosal Vaccines. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13120980"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00301-7","article-title":"Mucosal immunity and vaccination strategies: Current insights and future perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.10.045","article-title":"Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of grass carp intestines after vaccination with a double-targeted DNA vaccine of Vibrio mimicus","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, M., Yan, X., Su, B., Yang, N., Fu, Q., Xue, T., Song, L., Li, Q., and Li, C. (2020). Integrated Analysis of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Networks in the Intestine of Sebastes schlegelii Following Edwardsiella tarda Challenge. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.618687"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2021.100799","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of immune response in recombinant cell vaccine expressing OmpK vaccinated juvenile seabass (Lates calcarifer) head kidney against Vibrio harveyi infection","volume":"21","author":"Silvaraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raju, T., Manchanayake, T., Danial, A., Zamri-Saad, M., Azmai, M.N.A., Md Yasin, I.S., Mohd Nor, N., and Salleh, A. (2023). Evaluating the Intestinal Immunity of Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790) following Field Vaccination Using a Feed-Based Oral Vaccine. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030602"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01232-8","article-title":"Divergent B-cell repertoire remodelling by mRNA, DNA and live attenuated vaccines in fish","volume":"10","author":"Porter","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.06.051","article-title":"Effective isolation of GALT cells: Insights into the intestine immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to different bacterin vaccine preparations","volume":"105","author":"Attaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tafalla, C. (2024). Understanding fish B cell responses to combat infectious diseases. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol., 45.","DOI":"10.48045\/001c.116253"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semple, S.L., and Dixon, B. (2020). Salmonid Antibacterial Immunity: An Aquaculture Perspective. Biology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9100331"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"FAO (2025, August 18). Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790). Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fishery\/en\/culturedspecies\/lates_calcarifer."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738151","article-title":"Comparison of growth performance, survival rate and economic efficiency of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) intensively cultured in earthen ponds with high densities","volume":"554","author":"Nhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70054","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.70054","article-title":"Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer): A Versatile Species for Marine and Freshwater Aquaculture","volume":"17","author":"Yue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muangrerk, C., Uchuwittayakul, A., and Srisapoome, P. (2024). Identification, Expression and Antimicrobial Functional Analysis of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) in Response to Streptococcus iniae and Flavobacterium covae in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790). Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14030475"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13667","article-title":"Distribution of Vibrionaceae in farmed Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer in Thailand and their high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"45","author":"Raharjo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erfanmanesh, A., Beikzadeh, B., Khanzadeh, M., Adel, M., Gholamhosseini, A., and Soltani, M. (2024). Immuno-protective response of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) to inactivated vaccines against Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio harveyi. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-03935-x"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13987","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13987","article-title":"Characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae isolated from diseased Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and the preliminary development of a formalin-killed cell vaccine","volume":"47","author":"Weawsawang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, D.H.M., Chokmangmeepisarn, P., Khianchaikhan, K., Morishita, M., Uchuwittayakul, A., LaFrentz, B.R., and Rodkhum, C. (2025). Comparative genomic analysis of Flavobacterium species causing columnaris disease of freshwater fish in Thailand: Insights into virulence and resistance mechanisms. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04488-3"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149-025-00159-w","article-title":"Strategies for managing major diseases in Asian seabass aquaculture","volume":"5","author":"Yue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirep.2025.200241","article-title":"Non-invasive vaccination enhances immune response and protects Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) against Vibrio vulnificus infection","volume":"9","author":"Lan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, J., Carmen, L.C.P., Lee, S.Q., and Prabakaran, M. (2023). Identification and characterization of immunoglobulin tau (IgT) in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) and mucosal immune response to nervous necrosis virus. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1146387"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobrovskikh, A.V., Zubairova, U.S., and Doroshkov, A.V. (2023). Fishing Innate Immune System Properties through the Transcriptomic Single-Cell Data of Teleostei. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12121516"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/aquacj4020003","article-title":"Single-Cell Transcriptome Profiling of Scale Drop Disease Virus-Infected Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer)","volume":"4","author":"Loh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740380","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of gene expression in immune pathways in the spleen of Takifugu rubripes after immunization with scuticociliate vaccine","volume":"581","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739320","article-title":"Integrative transcriptomic profiling reveals the key pathways in the regulation mechanism of fish intestine-spleen immunity during the bacterial challenges","volume":"568","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2025.102692","article-title":"A synergistic blend of dietary organic acids, monoglycerides and phytobiotics enhance growth performance, intestinal mucosal height, and anti-viral immune gene expression in juvenile Barramundi (Lates calcarifer)","volume":"41","author":"Goh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741176","article-title":"Dietary cottonseed protein concentrate affected the flesh texture and myofiber characteristics of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea","volume":"592","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghani, M.U., Chen, J., Khosravi, Z., Wu, Q., Liu, Y., Zhou, J., Zhong, L., and Cui, H. (2024). Unveiling the multifaceted role of toll-like receptors in immunity of aquatic animals: Pioneering strategies for disease management. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1378111"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirep.2024.200170","article-title":"Molecular characterisation and expression analysis of an interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1) homologue from Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)","volume":"7","author":"Sathyan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsirep.2022.100054","article-title":"Identification of two ISG15 homologues involved in host immune response against RGNNV in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)","volume":"3","author":"Premraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2023.105079","article-title":"Recent selection created distinctive variability patterns on MHC class II loci in three dolphin species from the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"150","author":"Hrenar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingos, J.A., Shen, X., Terence, C., Senapin, S., Dong, H.T., Tan, M.R., Gibson-Kueh, S., and Jerry, D.R. (2021). Scale Drop Disease Virus (SDDV) and Lates calcarifer Herpes Virus (LCHV) Coinfection Downregulate Immune-Relevant Pathways and Cause Splenic and Kidney Necrosis in Barramundi Under Commercial Farming Conditions. Front. Genet., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.666897"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.742420","article-title":"Dynamics of the gut microbiome of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) following oral vaccination and challenge with virulent Vibrio harveyi","volume":"603","author":"Sutra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1913","article-title":"IgT, a primitive immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.11.014","article-title":"Systemic and mucosal antibody response of freshwater cultured Asian seabass ((Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790)) to monovalent and bivalent vaccines against Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae","volume":"108","author":"Salin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.108802","article-title":"Immunological response of 35 and 42 days old Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790) fry following immersion immunization with Streptococcus iniae heat-killed vaccine","volume":"138","author":"Vinh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chokmangmeepisarn, P., Senapin, S., Taengphu, S., Thompson, K.D., Srisapoome, P., Uchuwittayakul, A., and Rodkhum, C. (2024). Protective efficiency and immune responses to single and booster doses of formalin-inactivated scale drop disease virus (SDDV) vaccine in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04132-6"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanpichai, P., Chaweepack, S., Senapin, S., Piamsomboon, P., and Wongtavatchai, J. (2023). Immune Activation Following Vaccination of Streptococcus iniae Bacterin in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790). Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020351"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2025.105385","article-title":"Integrative analysis of the microRNA and mRNA response of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) under acute cold stress and Vibrio harveyi challenge","volume":"167","author":"Sullivan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra-Espinosa, C., Jimenez-Fernandez, M., Sanchez-Madrid, F., and Serrador, J.M. (2024). ICAMs in Immunity, Intercellular Adhesion and Communication. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13040339"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zapata, A.G. (2022). Lympho-Hematopoietic Microenvironments and Fish Immune System. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050747"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, J.T.H., Kadri, S., Kollner, B., Rebl, A., and Korytar, T. (2022). RNA-Seq of Single Fish Cells\u2014Seeking Out the Leukocytes Mediating Immunity in Teleost Fishes. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.798712"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2022.104621","article-title":"Regulatory roles of cytokines in T and B lymphocytes-mediated immunity in teleost fish","volume":"144","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, T.Z., Liu, X., Wu, C.S., Ma, Z.Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y.A., and Zhang, X.J. (2022). Molecular and Functional Analyses of the Primordial Costimulatory Molecule CD80\/86 and Its Receptors CD28 and CD152 (CTLA-4) in a Teleost Fish. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.885005"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s42995-022-00136-z","article-title":"Cluster of differentiation antigens: Essential roles in the identification of teleost fish T lymphocytes","volume":"4","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Life Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109482","article-title":"The interaction between the costimulatory molecules CD80\/86 and CD28 contributed to CD4(+) T lymphocyte activation in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"148","author":"Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, J., Mustafa, N., and Wang, J. (Water Biol. Secur., 2026). Fish CD8+ T cells: Current knowledge and research perspectives, Water Biol. Secur., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watbs.2026.100580"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2020.103752","article-title":"Distinct modes of action of CD40L and adaptive cytokines IL-2, IL-4\/13, IL-10 and IL-21 on rainbow trout IgM(+) B cells","volume":"111","author":"Abos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737063","article-title":"CD40 plays roles in T cell-dependent response and B cell activation and differentiation in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"544","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107434","article-title":"Teleost IgD(+)IgM(-) B cells in gills and skin have a plasmablast profile, but functionally and phenotypically differ from IgM(+)IgD(-) B cells in these sites","volume":"26","author":"Morel","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2021.126293","article-title":"The fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare represents four distinct species: Flavobacterium columnare, Flavobacterium covae sp. nov., Flavobacterium davisii sp. nov. and Flavobacterium oreochromis sp. nov., and emended description of Flavobacterium columnare","volume":"45","author":"LaFrentz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739500","article-title":"The first evidence of blaCTX-M-55, QnrVC5, and novel insight into the genome of MDR Vibrio vulnificus isolated from Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) identified by resistome analysis","volume":"571","author":"Raharjo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13964","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13964","article-title":"Review of current perspectives and future outlook on bacterial disease prevention through vaccination in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)","volume":"47","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/17\/7652\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:01:25Z","timestamp":1787749285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/17\/7652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27177652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27177652","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}}}