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J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endocan, a soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, is increasingly recognized as a regulator of key cellular pathways in both physiological and pathological contexts. While TGF-\u03b2 is a central mediator of fibrotic remodeling, the role of endocan in this process remains elusive. By performing a transcriptomic dataset analysis [GSE116250], we found that endocan expression is upregulated and correlates with fibrotic markers in human failing hearts. We investigated the role of endocan in an in vitro model of cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with TGF-\u03b2. Our results identified endocan as a TGF-\u03b2-responsive gene in primary human cardiac fibroblasts. Indeed, by inhibiting endocan expression using a specific siRNA, we demonstrated that this proteoglycan is required for the full expression of key fibrosis-related genes (Col1a1, \u03b1-SMA, MMP-3, and MMP-9) and modulates the expression of long non-coding RNAs (MALAT1, H19 and HOTAIR), which are essential for the epigenetic control of the fibroblast phenotype. These effects depend on the modulation of both canonical (SMAD3) and non-canonical (AKT and ERK1\/2) TGF-\u03b2 pathways. Taken together, these findings indicate that endocan is required for the coordinated activation of canonical and non-canonical TGF-\u03b2 signaling during fibroblast transdifferentiation and suggest its potential involvement in the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:48:36Z","timestamp":1788256116000},"page":"7745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endocan Participates in TGF-\u03b2\/Smad and AKT\/ERK Signaling Coordination and lncRNA Modulation in Human Cardiac Fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Aliqu\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Pantano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Giuffr\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Labellarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Avenoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2664-7457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adele","family":"Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3226-8522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Vermiglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe M.","family":"Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"D\u2019Ascola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5282-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Scuruchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01764-w","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in health, disease and therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. 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