{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:17:46Z","timestamp":1788257866771,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N42A660909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A660909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["N42A660909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A660909"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018wfhg78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Efficient regulation of recombinant enzyme expression is an important consideration for the development of microbial biocatalysts. Heat-inducible promoters regulated by the alternative sigma factor \u03c332 provide an inducer-free strategy for controlling gene expression in Escherichia coli. In this study, four \u03c332-dependent promoters (PdnaK, PgrpE, PibpA, and PclpB) were comparatively characterized using the PET-degrading enzyme FAST-PETase fused to superfolder green fluorescent protein as a model recombinant protein. Promoter performance was evaluated based on basal leakage, induction kinetics, and expression strength following heat induction. Among the promoters examined, PdnaK exhibited the strongest heat-inducible expression and was dissected to examine the autonomous and combinatorial behavior of its promoter-derived elements. Molecular docking analysis further supported the experimental observations by showing qualitative agreement between predicted \u03c332\u2013DNA interactions and promoter performance. Together, these findings provide a comparative characterization of \u03c332-dependent promoters and identify promoter architectures that may facilitate the development of heat-inducible recombinant enzyme expression systems in E. coli.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:48:36Z","timestamp":1788256116000},"page":"7762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Characterization of \u03c332-Dependent Promoters for the Heat-Inducible Expression of FAST-PETase in Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7389-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Praopim","family":"Limsakul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Natcha","family":"Rasitanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sahban","family":"Da-oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Amornrat","family":"Phongdara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3480-048X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aekkaraj","family":"Nualla-ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9803-2005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krit","family":"Charupanit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1700782","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700782","article-title":"Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made","volume":"3","author":"Geyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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