{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:22:35Z","timestamp":1788434555486,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS-122855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS-122855"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"US Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-22-1-2818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-22-1-2818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune mediators are elevated due to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning but their role in the development of neurological deficits is unknown. Circulating microparticles (MPs) are elevated in response to CO and correlate with the development of neurological complications. We hypothesized that interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 is carried by MPs and contributes to the development of neurological sequelae (NS). Blood-borne IL-1\u03b2 in CO-poisoned patients is almost exclusively carried by MPs. Healthy humans have 0.8 \u00b1 0.8 (n = 27) MPs\/\u03bcL bearing IL-1\u03b2 on the membrane surface. IL-1\u03b2-bearing MPs obtained from patients at the time of CO poisoning diagnosis who recover (Global Deterioration Score [GDS] = 1 at 1 month) numbered 35 \u00b1 12\/\u03bcL (n = 27, p &lt; 0.001 vs. control) and patients who sustained NS (GDS &gt; 1 at 1 month) had 75 \u00b1 38\/\u03bcL (n = 27; p &lt; 0.001 vs. control and CO-recovered groups). Twice as many MPs carry IL-1\u03b2 cargo as express surface-bearing IL-1\u03b2. The concentration is higher post-CO but does not correlate with NS. Those with NS have 43.8 \u00b1 42.0 pg IL-1\u03b2 \/106 MPs, and those with GDS = 1 have 33.0 \u00b1 32.0 pg\/106 MPs, versus controls 5.4 \u00b1 0.3 pg\/106 MPs, p &lt; 0.001. In a murine CO model, MPs IL-1\u03b2 cargo follows similar proportions to humans. Pharmacologic blockade of IL-1\u03b2 using an IL-1 receptor antagonist or neutralizing anti-IL-1\u03b2 antibody inhibited neuroinflammation and preserved neurological function. Results demonstrate that brain-derived MPs liberated via the glymphatic system to the peripheral circulation activate neutrophils which are the prime generators of IL-1\u03b2-bearing MPs that maintain a cycle of neuroinflammation. Targeting IL-1\u03b2 disrupts MP-mediated inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:08:53Z","timestamp":1788433733000},"page":"7880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microparticles Expressing IL-1\u03b2 Are Linked to Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline After Carbon Monoxide Poisoning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2142-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awadhesh K.","family":"Arya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, 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Sung","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine and Research, Institute of Hyperbaric Medicine and Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0404-7255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoonsuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine and Research, Institute of Hyperbaric Medicine and Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of 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