{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:13:35Z","timestamp":1788858815635,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001839","name":"Research Grant Council of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HKUST6421\/06 M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HKUST6421\/06 M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nucleosome assembly protein 1 (NAP1) is highly conserved across eukaryotes, yet its biochemical function, particularly its proposed role as a histone chaperone, remains unresolved. Dinoflagellates, including Karenia brevis (Kb) and Crypthecodinium cohnii (Cc), lack architectural nucleosomes and express core histones at unusually low levels, yet retain abundant NAP1 transcripts encoding two to three distinct homologs. Confocal immunolocalization of K. brevis showed strong nuclear signals for both homologs, between chromosomes and at the nucleolus, with higher nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios in G2 than in G1 (the two gap phases of the cell cycle); labeling at chromosome-territory margins and at the nuclear cortex is consistent with an association with the telomeric nucleosomes anchored to the nuclear envelope. Recombinant KbNAP1Bp reproduced the canonical yeast NAP1 fold, recovered H2A-immunoreactive material in immunoprecipitation, and preferentially retarded larger DNA fragments in gel mobility assays, whereas KbNAP1Ap did none of these under the conditions tested. In C. cohnii, the NAP1 protein peaked at S\u2013G2, and exposure to a CcNAP1.1-antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) was associated with an S\u2013G2\/M delay. These findings uncouple NAP1 abundance from the availability of a canonical nucleosomal substrate and suggest evolutionary repurposing toward non-nucleosomal roles in chromosome-territory organization. They help define the minimal functional core of this conserved chaperone family and caution against treating NAP1 abundance as a proxy for nucleosome assembly activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:12:25Z","timestamp":1788783145000},"page":"7931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nucleosome Assembly Protein 1 in Dinoflagellate Cells Without Architectural Nucleosomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8353-5112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosmo Ting Hin","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5611-4512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvin Chun Man","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoping","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1156-8921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6777-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph Tin Yum","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00408a058","article-title":"Circular dichroism microscopy of compact forms of DNA and chromatin in vivo and in vitro: Cholesteric liquid-crystalline phases of DNA and single dinoflagellate nuclei","volume":"27","author":"Livolant","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00327314","article-title":"Electron-Microscopy of Liquid-Crystalline DNA\u2014Direct Evidence for Cholesteric-Like Organization of DNA in Dinoflagellate Chromosomes","volume":"98","author":"Rill","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.115.023275","article-title":"Diversity and Divergence of Dinoflagellate Histone Proteins","volume":"6","author":"Marinov","year":"2015","journal-title":"G3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, S., and Morse, D. 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