{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:08:49Z","timestamp":1789016929609,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23485436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23485436"]}]},{"award":["AP23485436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23485436"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101131382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101131382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["101131382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101131382"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rice husk (RH) is a renewable siliceous lignocellulosic waste providing a unique, greener and less toxic alternative to conventional synthetic polymeric precursors in the production of carbon-based materials for biomedical applications. In this work we studied the porous structure of RH-lignin-based activated carbon produced in the form of honeycomb carbon monoliths and assessed their potential as hemoadsorbents for blood purification in the treatment of patients with serious medical conditions, such as kidney failure and sepsis. To determine their clinical suitability for such an application, the hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity of the monoliths were investigated using the standard ISO guidelines. The monoliths did not cause any changes in the cell viability or cell lysis. High micro\/mesoporosity and surface chemistry of the initial monolith-C, N- and P-doped nanostructured carbon honeycomb monoliths were established by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (LTNA) studies, mercury porosimetry data (MIP), SEM\/EDS analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy. The micro-mesoporous, activated carbon-based filtration\/adsorbent prototype devices, in the form of three-dimensional (3D) carbon matrix, functionalized with ion-exchange amino- and phosphate groups and encased in polyolefin heat shrink cable sleeve, have been developed with the capacity to remove protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), such us PCS and IS, as well as inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) from human plasma in a flowing model system. The ammoxidized monolith-N, derived from the monolith-C, had the highest removal efficiency (40.05% for PCS, and 28.4% for IL-6). By contrast, phosphorylated monolith-P demonstrated the highest removal efficiency (54.62% for IS, and 54.4% for IL-8), whilst the monolith-C has the lowest removal efficiency for these adsorbates. These results do not correlate with the LTNA and MIP study results, suggesting that the interaction of surface chemical functional groups with the solutes play key roles in the adsorption mechanism. The ion-exchange mechanism of PBUTs and inflammatory cytokine chemisorption by the monoliths, modified with surface N- and P-containing functional groups, has been proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:30:02Z","timestamp":1788798602000},"page":"7972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional Nanostructured Carbon Honeycomb Monoliths for Hemoadsorption: Preliminary Studies on Biocompatibility, Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins and Inflammatory Cytokines Elimination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jakpar","family":"Jandosov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion Problems, 172, Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71, Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteromed Ltd., 85 Great Portland St., London W1W 7LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8367-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Sandeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6325-9982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitriy","family":"Chenchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion Problems, 172, Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5987-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Mikhalovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANAMAD Ltd., Sussex Innovation Centre, Science Park Square, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SB, UK"},{"name":"Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, 17, General Naumov St., 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3677-8685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitugan","family":"Sabitov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion Problems, 172, Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazakh National Women\u2019s Teacher Training University, Gogol Str., 114, k. 1, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0303-0817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquin","family":"Silvestre-Albero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de MaterialesAvanzados, Departamento de Qu\u00edmicaInorg\u00e1nica, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8956-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulkhair","family":"Mansurov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion Problems, 172, Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71, Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9705-7438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seitkhan","family":"Azat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University, 122\/22, Baitursynov St., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9033-4757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Busquets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8047-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurzhamal","family":"Zhylybayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion Problems, 172, Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Tsukerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion Problems, 172, Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alzhan","family":"Baimenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion Problems, 172, Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University, 122\/22, Baitursynov St., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutig, K., Singh, P.B., and Lebedeva, S. 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