{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:11:26Z","timestamp":1788873086372,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroendocrine and circadian dysfunctions are thought to underlie bipolar disorder (BD) and could be implemented as markers of complex symptom conditions, including the presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) comorbidity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate neuroendocrine profiles in different BD phenotypes through the measure of nocturnal urinary levels of Cortisol (stress-response factor) and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s; light\/dark signal) in euthymic BD patients diagnosed with PTSD (PTSD group) or with major depressive episodes without trauma symptoms (DEP group). Both groups were compared against healthy controls (CTL). Nighttime urinary levels of aMT6s and Cortisol were analyzed by competitive ELISA, with ensuing values normalized for specific gravity. The Cortisol-to-aMT6s ratio (Cort\/aMT6s) was calculated as an exploratory proxy for the homeostatic balance between HPA-mediated catabolic\/coping activities and Melatonin-related reparative functions. Clinical severity and psychosocial activities were assessed by using mood HAM-D, YMRS, trauma IES-R and functioning WSAS scales. Results revealed distinct biological patterns: PTSD subjects showed increased nocturnal Cortisol compared to DEP and CTL groups, whereas DEP patients exhibited lower aMT6s levels and an elevated Cort\/aMT6s ratio. Cortisol and aMT6s correlated positively in PTSD, while the ratio correlated positively with Cortisol solely in controls. Clinically, Cortisol correlated positively with IES-R and functional impairment (WSAS), whereas aMT6s correlated negatively with HAM-D and YMRS scores. Present findings suggest a possible neuroendocrine divergence in BD patients with depression versus PTSD: nocturnal Melatonin deficiency may be associated with depression, while HPA-axis hyperactivity and altered crosstalk between the two systems may characterize PTSD comorbidity, with the Cort\/aMT6s ratio as a potential index of impaired daily functioning. These results could be promising for the use of biomarkers linked to allostatic and circadian responses within the BD spectrum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27187993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:51:48Z","timestamp":1788871908000},"page":"7993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Allostatic and Circadian Drives in Patients with Bipolar Disorder in Depressive Episodes or with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Versus Healthy Controls: Neuroendocrine Comparison Through Cortisol and 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin Overnight Urine Excretion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0520-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Dell\u2019Oste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, 55100 Lucca, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8863-9353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Gambini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3105-893X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Pedrinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, 57100 Livorno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Rimoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, 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