{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:11:28Z","timestamp":1788873088190,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002512","name":"Kookmin University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S2026-0028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2026-0028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["S2026-0028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2026-0028"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0049erg63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cirsium japonicum is a medicinal plant traditionally used in East Asian medicine and contains multiple bioactive constituents with potential anticancer properties. This review critically evaluates the anticancer effects of C. japonicum and its associated constituents within the Hallmarks of Cancer framework. Evidence was classified as direct plant-specific evidence, constituent-based evidence, or contextual mechanistic evidence to distinguish findings obtained using botanical preparations from those generated using purified compounds derived from other sources. Direct studies of C. japonicum extracts, flavonoid fractions, phenylpropanoid glycosides, and C. japonicum var. maackii-mediated gold nanoparticles demonstrate antitumor, cytotoxic, antiangiogenic, immunomodulatory, and ferroptosis-associated activities, although target-level validation remains limited. Among its associated constituents, pectolinarigenin has the most developed mechanistic evidence, involving RRM2\u2013CDK1, TOP2A, STAT3, and PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling. Apigenin, luteolin, acacetin, linarin, cirsimaritin, and pectolinarin additionally influence regulated cell death, proliferative signaling, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune regulation, metabolic vulnerability, senescence, and therapy response. However, much of this evidence relies on pathway-associated changes rather than direct target engagement or genetic validation. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics, systemic exposure, botanical standardization, tumor selectivity, and clinical relevance of these compounds remain insufficiently characterized. Future studies should prioritize standardized preparations, quantitative exposure analysis, functional target validation, clinically relevant models, and carefully designed combination strategies. Collectively, C. japonicum provides a promising multi-hallmark framework for anticancer investigation, but substantial translational evidence is still required before its therapeutic potential can be established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27187996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:51:48Z","timestamp":1788871908000},"page":"7996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeting Cancer Hallmarks with Cirsium japonicum: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Kyung-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Antibody Research Institute, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Kyung","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oculi Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul 05655, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So-Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Korean Internal Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3738-3239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwa-Seung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East West Cancer Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byong Chul","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: New dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81683-9","article-title":"The hallmarks of cancer","volume":"100","author":"Hanahan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3394","article-title":"Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"19","author":"Quail","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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