{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T11:10:27Z","timestamp":1789125027816,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program Management Unit for Competitiveness Enhancement (PMU-C) and Health Expert Co. Ltd., Thailand","award":["C02F660278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C02F660278"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmon skin, a high-volume by-product of seafood processing, offers a circular-bioeconomy route to sustainable, value-added ingredients. This study aimed to generate low-molecular-weight collagen peptides (LMWCPs) from salmon skin using a stepwise enzymatic process and to evaluate their safety and pro-extracellular-matrix (ECM) activity in human BJ fibroblasts. LMWCPs were produced by sequential hydrolysis (alcalase\/papain, then collagenase) and characterized as low-molecular-weight peptide preparations with a mean dispersed particle diameter of approximately 117 nm. LMWCPs display negatively charged peptide dispersions with a mass centered around ~1 kDa. Cytocompatibility (MTT) showed no toxicity up to 1.5 mg\/mL over 48 h. Gene expression by reverse transcription\u2013quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) revealed a robust, dose-dependent ECM response: collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) increased by approximately 7-fold, with additional rises of 5\u20136-fold in versican (VCAN) levels and modest increases in elastin (ELN) and transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2). These findings provide an exploratory process-to-phenotype link between the two-step hydrolysis process, physicochemical characteristics of the resulting LMWCPs, and changes in ECM-related gene expression in BJ fibroblasts. Overall, this study demonstrates that salmon skin LMWCPs were cytocompatible within the tested concentration range and modulated several ECM-related genes, providing a preliminary basis for future protein-level, functional, and translational evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:51:37Z","timestamp":1789123897000},"page":"8090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low-Molecular-Weight Salmon Collagen Peptides Promote Extracellular Matrix Gene (ECM) Expression in BJ Fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9433-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soottawat","family":"Benjakul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisana","family":"Nilsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5317-618X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umesh","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaiyawat","family":"Haewphet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2769-8149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jirakrit","family":"Saetang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2022.02.027","article-title":"Dermal Extracellular Matrix Molecules in Skin Development, Homeostasis, Wound Regeneration and Diseases","volume":"128","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. 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