{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:02:35Z","timestamp":1789534955841,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic liver diseases are frequently accompanied by metabolic dysfunction, making precision nutrition relevant for prevention, diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. This review summarizes nutritional omics evidence in hepatology, emphasizing metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease as a prevalent model. Nutrigenetics provides information on inherited susceptibility by identifying genetic variation affecting hepatic lipid handling, triglyceride export, phospholipid remodeling, and glucose-driven lipogenesis. Nutrigenomics characterizes transcriptional programs involved in hepatic lipogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrogenesis. Nutriepigenetics captures exposure memory through DNA methylation, histone regulation, and small-RNA signaling, including miR-122, miR-21, miR-34a, and miR-192; diet may modulate this layer through one-carbon metabolism, methyl-donor availability, oxidative stress, acetyl-CoA and NAD+-dependent pathways, and lipid peroxidation. Nutrimetagenomics highlight taxa such as Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, Veillonella, Bacteroides, Escherichia, and Klebsiella, but translation requires functional characterization beyond stool taxa. Nutrimetabolomics and lipidomics, including OWL-liver platforms, track dietary adherence, lipid species, bile acids, amino acids, lipoproteins, and biological non-response. Future progress will require AI-supported, phenotype-first integrated models tested in multiethnic longitudinal studies with standardized dietary assessment, biospecimen collection, meaningful liver endpoints, realistic workflows, and adaptive lifestyle-care strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:39:24Z","timestamp":1789137564000},"page":"8106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nutriomic Technologies for Characterizing, Diagnosing, Clustering and Managing Chronic Liver Diseases: Precision Nutrition Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0479-8825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuria","family":"Perez-Diaz-del-Campo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Planetary Health and Performance, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0553-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Lopez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Planetary Health and Performance, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1317-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"de Cuevillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Medicina Vascular, Departamento de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0530-7349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Martinez-Urbistondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Alfredo","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion [CIBEROBN], 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program, IMDEA Nutrition [Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies], 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of Valladolid, 47002 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2505-1555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Ramos-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Psychology School, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-023-00802-0","article-title":"Higher intake of certain nutrients among older adults is associated with better cognitive function: An analysis of NHANES 2011\u20132014","volume":"9","author":"Devarshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02072-z","article-title":"Liver diseases: Epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions","volume":"10","author":"Gan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70058","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70058","article-title":"Global Burden of Major Chronic Liver Diseases in 2021","volume":"45","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70001","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70001","article-title":"The Global Burden of Cirrhosis and Other Chronic Liver Diseases in 2021","volume":"45","author":"Tham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6230","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i44.6230","article-title":"Machine learning insights concerning inflammatory and liver-related risk comorbidities in non-communicable and viral diseases","volume":"28","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0431","article-title":"Epidemiology of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"31","author":"Younossi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00760-9","article-title":"Global burden of hepatitis B virus: Current status, missed opportunities and a call for action","volume":"20","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, M., and Khalil, R. (2024). Contemporary Insights into Hepatitis C Virus: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061035"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.10.010","article-title":"Reprint of: Precision nutrition: A review of current approaches and future endeavors","volume":"130","author":"Livingstone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidance and Position of RINN22 regarding Precision Nutrition and Nutriomics","volume":"18","author":"Assmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lifestyle Genom."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0002","DOI":"10.1097\/pp9.0000000000000002","article-title":"The P4 Health Spectrum\u2014A Predictive, Preventive, Person-alized and Participatory Continuum for Promoting Healthspan","volume":"2","author":"Sagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S244","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0364","article-title":"Eating, diet, and nutrition for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Semmler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28785","article-title":"The economic and clinical burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States and Europe","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnicero, J.D., Saur\u00ed-Ferrer, I., Redon, J., Navarro, J., Fern\u00e1ndez, G., Hurtado, C., Ferreira, K., Alvarez-Ortega, C., G\u00f3mez, A., and Martos-Rodr\u00edguez, C.J. (2025). Clinical and Economic Burden of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in a Spanish Mediterranean Region: A Population-Based Study. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072441"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.01.026","article-title":"Healthcare and socioeconomic costs of NAFLD: A global framework to navigate the uncertainties","volume":"79","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"285","article-title":"Diagnostic scores and scales for appraising Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and omics perspectives for precision medicine","volume":"25","author":"Bugianesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","article-title":"EASL\u2013EASD\u2013EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)","volume":"81","author":"Tacke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450317","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1450317","article-title":"Advancing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease prediction: A comprehensive machine learning approach integrating SHAP interpretability and multi-cohort validation","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e186420","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI186420","article-title":"MASH: The nexus of metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis","volume":"135","author":"Steinberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09821-5","article-title":"Precision nutrition for targeting pathophysiology of cardiometabolic phenotypes","volume":"24","author":"Shannon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100375","article-title":"Macronutrient Modulation in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease\u2014The Molecular Role of Fatty Acids compared with Sugars in Human Metabolism and Disease Progression","volume":"16","author":"Mullin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00318-8","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Heterogeneous pathomechanisms and effectiveness of metabolism-based treatment","volume":"13","author":"Stefan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.19615","article-title":"Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Adults: A Review","volume":"335","author":"Tilg","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Lopez, O., Martinez, J.A., and Milagro, F.I. (2022). Holistic Integration of Omics Tools for Precision Nutrition in Health and Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194074"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Lopez, O. (2022). Multi-Omics Nutritional Approaches Targeting Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13112142"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasconcellos, C., Ferreira, O., Lopes, M.F., Ribeiro, A.F., Vasques, J., and Guerreiro, C.S. (2023). Nutritional Genomics in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020319"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.09.022","article-title":"A nutrigenetic precision approach for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Dileo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.03.045","article-title":"Genetic risk accentuates dietary effects on hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in a population-based cohort","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101133","article-title":"Dietary pattern modifies the risk of MASLD through metabolomic signature","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-023-00976-y","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of epigenetic and epitranscriptomic genes\u2019 expression in human NAFLD","volume":"79","author":"Herranz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304157","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2304157","article-title":"Disruption of gut barrier integrity and host\u2013microbiome interactions underlie MASLD severity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Forlano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.05.042","article-title":"Inflammatory markers as diagnostic and precision nutrition tools for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Results from the Fatty Liver in Obesity trial","volume":"43","author":"Milagro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S., Lee, J., Chun, S., Choi, J.-E., Na Kim, M., Chon, Y.E., Ha, Y., Hwang, S.-G., Choi, S.-W., and Hong, K.-W. (2023). Interaction between the PNPLA3 Gene and Nutritional Factors on NAFLD Development: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010152"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31229","article-title":"Genetic Pathways in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Insights From Systems Biology","volume":"72","author":"Sookoian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Toro-Mart\u00edn, J., Arsenault, B.J., Despr\u00e9s, J.-P., and Vohl, M.-C. (2017). Precision Nutrition: A Review of Personalized Nutritional Approaches for the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080913"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10200-y","article-title":"Combined effects of PNPLA3, TM6SF2 and HSD17B13 variants on severity of biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"15","author":"Paternostro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz286","article-title":"Modeling of an integrative prototype based on genetic, phenotypic, and environmental information for personalized prescription of energy-restricted diets in overweight\/obese subjects","volume":"111","author":"Cuervo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Diaz-del-Campo, N., Riezu-Boj, J.I., Marin-Alejandre, B.A., Monreal, J.I., Elorz, M., Herrero, J.I., Benito-Boillos, A., Milagro, F.I., Tur, J.A., and Abete, I. (2021). Three Different Genetic Risk Scores Based on Fatty Liver Index, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Lipidomic for a Nutrigenetic Personalized Management of NAFLD: The Fatty Liver in Obesity Study. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-333145\/v1"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02476-x","article-title":"Differential response to a 6-month energy-restricted treatment depending on SH2B1 rs7359397 variant in NAFLD subjects: Fatty Liver in Obesity (FLiO) Study","volume":"60","author":"Cantero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"485","article-title":"A nutrigenetic tool for pre-cision dietary management of NAFLD deeming insulin resistance markers","volume":"64","author":"Monreal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Panminerva Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05408-z","article-title":"Interplay of Mediterranean-diet adherence, genetic factors, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease risk in Korea","volume":"22","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e0856","article-title":"Mediterranean and low-fat diets are equally effective in MASLD resolution at 12 weeks regardless of PNPLA3 genotype: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Us","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojeda-Granados, C., Panduro, A., Rivera-I\u00f1iguez, I., Sep\u00falveda-Villegas, M., and Roman, S. (2020). A Regionalized Genome-Based Mexican Diet Improves Anthropometric and Metabolic Parameters in Subjects at Risk for Obesity-Related Chronic Diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030645"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Beltr\u00e1n, Y.E., Gonz\u00e1lez-Becerra, K., Rivera-I\u00f1iguez, I., Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez, E., Ramos-Lopez, O., Alcaraz-Mej\u00eda, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Echevarr\u00eda, R., S\u00e1yago-Ayerdi, S.G., and Mendivil, E.J. (2023). A Nutrigenetic Strategy for Reducing Blood Lipids and Low-Grade Inflammation in Adults with Obesity and Overweight. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204324"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.05.056","article-title":"A Polygenic Risk Score to Refine Risk Stratification and Prediction for Severe Liver Disease by Clinical Fibrosis Scores","volume":"20","author":"Tavaglione","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2025.101713","article-title":"Integration of PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 genotypes provides incre-mental improvement in advanced fibrosis prediction among MASLD patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochms.2026.100411","article-title":"Molecular basis of precision nutrition: Food components, microbiome-derived metabolites, and multi-omics modeling","volume":"12","author":"Rahimah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Chem. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001072","article-title":"Impact of the Association Between PNPLA3 Genetic Variation and Dietary Intake on the Risk of Significant Fibrosis in Patients With NAFLD","volume":"116","author":"Pirola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101341","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1101341","article-title":"The I148M PNPLA3 variant mitigates niacin beneficial effects: How the genetic screening in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients gains value","volume":"10","author":"Paolini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.06.025","article-title":"Modifiable lifestyle factors, genetic and acquired risk, and the risk of severe liver disease in the UK Biobank cohort: [Lifestyle factors and SLD]","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giardoglou, P., Gavra, I., Amanatidou, A.I., Kalafati, I.P., Symianakis, P., Kafyra, M., Moulos, P., and Dedoussis, G.V. (2024). Development of a Polygenic Risk Score for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Prediction in UK Biobank. Genes, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16010033"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.02.032","article-title":"PNPLA3 gene variation modulates diet-induced improvement in liver lipid content in type 2 diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Pafili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2026.101380","article-title":"Nutrigenomics of fat-soluble vitamins and micronutrients in hepatocyte lipotoxicity and MASLD","volume":"101","author":"Migni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2022.101581","article-title":"MicroRNAs in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Progress and perspectives","volume":"65","author":"Hochreuter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.128","article-title":"Weight gain induced by high-fat feeding involves increased liver oxidative stress","volume":"14","author":"Milagro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"344","article-title":"Liver proteome changes induced by a short-term high-fat sucrose diet in wistar rats","volume":"4","author":"Paternain","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00775-1","article-title":"A proteo-transcriptomic map of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease signatures","volume":"5","author":"Govaere","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobaruela-Resola, A.L., Riezu-Boj, J.I., Milagro, F.I., Mogna-Pelaez, P., Herrero, J.I., Elorz, M., Benito-Boillos, A., Tur, J.A., Mart\u00ednez, J.A., and Abete, I. (2024). Multipanel Approach including miRNAs, Inflammatory Markers, and Depressive Symptoms for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Diagnosis during 2-Year Nutritional Intervention. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111547"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"987","article-title":"Circulating microRNA panels in subjects with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease after following a 2-year dietary intervention","volume":"48","author":"Milagro","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02380-x","article-title":"The plasma lipidome varies with the severity of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Heymann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0791","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000791","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and associated metabolite signatures in relation to MASLD progression: A prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01043-6","article-title":"An unbiased ranking of murine dietary models based on their proximity to human metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)","volume":"6","author":"Vacca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba4448","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aba4448","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling across the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease spectrum reveals gene signatures for steatohepatitis and fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Govaere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1188","article-title":"Metabolomic-based noninvasive serum test to diagnose nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Results from discovery and validation cohorts","volume":"2","author":"Mayo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04991-0","article-title":"MBOAT7 rs641738 variant and hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic individuals","volume":"7","author":"Donati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"7397840","article-title":"13C Methacetin Breath Test for Assessment of Microsomal Liver Function: Methodology and Clinical Application","volume":"2017","author":"Chobot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Prac."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12589","article-title":"One-step non-invasive diagnosis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis and fibrosis in high-risk population","volume":"12","author":"Iruzubieta","year":"2024","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G462","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00358.2018","article-title":"Hepatic transcriptome signatures in patients with varying degrees of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease compared with healthy normal-weight individuals","volume":"316","author":"Suppli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3945\/an.110.1004","article-title":"Epigenetics: A new bridge between nutrition and health","volume":"1","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-022-01377-6","article-title":"Identified in blood diet-related methylation changes stratify liver biopsies of NAFLD patients according to fibrosis grade","volume":"14","author":"Sokolowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-012-0300-z","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with methyl donors reduces fatty liver and modifies the fatty acid synthase DNA methylation profile in rats fed an obesogenic diet","volume":"8","author":"Cordero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557523666230130093512","article-title":"Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease Regulation through Nutri Epigenetic Methylation","volume":"23","author":"Uribe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2025.06.003","article-title":"MicroRNAs in metabolic syndrome: Mechanisms, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"128","author":"Rahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-017-0552-6","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean diet is associated with methylation changes in inflammation-related genes in peripheral blood cells","volume":"73","author":"Milagro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0056-6","article-title":"Differential DNA methylation of genes involved in fibrosis progression in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Zeybel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2013.08.022","article-title":"Transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in early liver steatosis associated to obesity: Effect of dietary methyl donor supplementation","volume":"110","author":"Cordero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24422","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141224422","article-title":"Maternal methyl donors supplementation during lactation prevents the hyperhomocysteinemia induced by a high-fat-sucrose intake by dams","volume":"14","author":"Cordero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01015-z","article-title":"The effects of the Green-Mediterranean diet on cardiometabolic health are linked to gut microbiome modifications: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Rinott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645298","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1645298","article-title":"Gut microbiota heterogeneity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A narrative review of drivers, mechanisms, and clinical relevance","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108182","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v17.i8.108182","article-title":"Nutrients as epigenetic modulators in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"17","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2024.109704","article-title":"Gut microbes, diet, and genetics as drivers of metabolic liver disease: A narrative review outlining implications for precision medicine","volume":"133","author":"Hermanson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223339","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2223339","article-title":"Gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A PREDIMED-Plus trial sub analysis","volume":"15","author":"Vioque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323106","article-title":"Effect of green-Mediterranean diet on intrahepatic fat: The DIRECT PLUS randomised controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Meir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.04680.x","article-title":"Natural History of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Functional Abdominal Dis-orders: A Population-Based Study","volume":"96","author":"Talley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110620","article-title":"Influence of lifestyle factors and staple foods from the Mediterranean diet on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among older individuals with metabolic syndrome features","volume":"71","author":"Abete","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.05.019","article-title":"Probiotic Supplementation, Hepatic Fibrosis, and the Microbiota Profile in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"153","author":"Escouto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reshef, N., Gophna, U., Reshef, L., Konikoff, F., Gabay, G., Zornitzki, T., Knobler, H., and Maor, Y. (2024). Prebiotic Treatment in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)\u2014A Randomized Pilot Trial. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111571"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0299946","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299946","article-title":"Changes in the intestinal microbiota of individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on sequencing: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18754-5","article-title":"Distinct signatures of gut microbiome and metabolites associated with significant fibrosis in non-obese NAFLD","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.001","article-title":"Gut microbiome based metagenomic signature for non-invasive detection of advanced fibrosis in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Loomba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotea, I., Sirbu, C., Plotuna, A.-M., T\u00eerziu, E., Badea, C., Berbecea, A., Dragomirescu, M., and Radulov, I. (2023). Integrating (Nutri-)Metabolomics into the One Health Tendency\u2014The Key for Personalized Medicine Advancement. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.1196.v1"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2024.05.015","article-title":"Metabolic signatures of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in severely obese patients","volume":"56","author":"Babu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10481-9","article-title":"Effects of exercise on NAFLD using non-targeted metabolomics in adipose tissue, plasma, urine, and stool","volume":"12","author":"Babu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102808","article-title":"Role of metabolomics in the delivery of precision nutrition","volume":"65","author":"Brennan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-331740","article-title":"Artificial intelligence applied to \u2018omics data in liver disease: Towards a personalised approach for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment","volume":"74","author":"Ghosh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la O, V., Fern\u00e1ndez-Cruz, E., Matin, P.M., Larrad-Sainz, A., Gil, J.L.E., Barabash, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz, C.M., Calle-Pascual, A.L., Rubio-Herrera, M.A., and Mart\u00ednez, J.A. (2024). Translational Algorithms for Technological Dietary Quality Assessment Integrating Nutrimetabolic Data with Machine Learning Methods. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223817"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ang, M.Y., and Choo, S.W. (2026). The Nutri-Exposome Intelligence Framework: Integrating Multi-Omics, Machine Learning, and Digital Nutrition for Precision Chronic Disease Prevention. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18111826"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115925","article-title":"A novel gene signature to diagnose MASLD in metabolically unhealthy obese individuals","volume":"218","author":"Meroni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/18\/8106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:12:35Z","timestamp":1789531955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/18\/8106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27188106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27188106","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}}}