{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:06:51Z","timestamp":1792789611875,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00afdp487","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00afdp487","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a major global health burden, traditionally defined as microbial invasion of a sterile urinary tract, but now increasingly understood as a state of microbial dysbiosis involving disruption of the urinary microbiome. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms, etiological agents, clinical classification, and emerging therapeutic strategies in UTIs. The analysis integrates recent advances in microbiome research, molecular pathogenesis, and clinical guidelines. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) remains the predominant pathogen, utilizing virulence factors such as adhesins and intracellular bacterial community formation to establish persistent infection, while other organisms including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis contribute to disease complexity. The emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms, particularly among ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species), poses significant therapeutic challenges through mechanisms such as \u03b2-lactamase production, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation. Clinically, evolving classification systems emphasize infection localization rather than host factors, improving diagnostic and therapeutic precision. Diagnostic strategies rely on clinical assessment, urinalysis, and urine culture, while treatment increasingly incorporates antimicrobial stewardship principles. Emerging approaches, including immunoprophylaxis, bacteriophage therapy, and microbiome-targeted interventions, demonstrate promising results. In conclusion, UTIs are complex, multifactorial diseases requiring integrated molecular, clinical, and therapeutic approaches, with future advancements likely driven by precision medicine and artificial intelligence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:14:59Z","timestamp":1789146899000},"page":"8108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urinary Tract Infections: Molecular Determinants of Uropathogenicity and Their Translation into Contemporary Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Raul-Lucian","family":"Ene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Emergency Hospital Petrosani, 332019 Petrosani, Romania"},{"name":"ANAPATMOL Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9387-1141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANAPATMOL Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurica Elisabeta","family":"Cobec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANAPATMOL Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Klinikum Freudenstadt, 72250 Freudenstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Kali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANAPATMOL Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ileana-Adriana","family":"Ene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Diaverum Petro\u0219ani Nephrology and Dialysis Medical Center, 332019 Petrosani, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9243-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daliborca Cristina","family":"Vlad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Seropian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum Freudenstadt, 72250 Freudenstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3240-4793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionut Marcel","family":"Cobec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum Freudenstadt, 72250 Freudenstadt, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, B.O., Flores, C., Williams, C., Flusberg, D.A., Marr, E.E., Kwiatkowska, K.M., Charest, J.L., Isenberg, B.C., and Rohn, J.L. 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