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J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) oil and flaxseed oil provide contrasting fatty acid profiles and may serve as alternative lipid feed materials in ruminant nutrition. This study assessed low-\u03b1-linolenic\/high-linoleic flaxseed oil, BSFL oil, and their blends using an in vitro rumen fermentation screening with pooled bovine rumen inoculum and a randomized prepartum feeding trial in 32 twin- or triplet-bearing Olkuska ewes. In vitro, the single oils and a 1:1 blend were evaluated at two inclusion levels; total VFA concentration was unchanged, whereas propionate proportion, the acetate-to-propionate ratio, methane, ammonia, and incubation-fluid fatty acid profiles showed treatment-dependent responses. In vivo, an unsupplemented control was compared with flaxseed oil, BSFL oil, and a 2:1 blend supplied at 30 g\/day for 21 days before expected parturition. Colostrum fat concentration differed among treatments (p = 0.036); the 2:1 blend group had a higher value than the control group (11.29% vs. 8.26%; Dunnett-adjusted p &lt; 0.05), while major fatty acid classes did not differ. Supplementation was also associated with differences in selected minor colostrum fatty acids and several serum metabolic variables. Colostrum yield was not measured; therefore, this finding reflects fat concentration rather than total colostrum fat output. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS) was unaffected, while a treatment-by-time interaction was observed for \u03b3-glutamyl transferase. The tested plant- and insect-derived oils therefore modified ruminal lipid transformations and selected maternal and colostrum traits without a detectable change in TAS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:14:59Z","timestamp":1789146899000},"page":"8111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low n-3\/High n-6 Flaxseed and Hermetia illucens Larvae Oils as Feed Materials: Effects on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Maternal Metabolism, Antioxidant Status and Colostrum in Prolific Ewes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2080-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Lewandowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego St. 38c, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2583-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Pachura-Hanusek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego St. 38c, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3566-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Burek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego St. 38c, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9058-1598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Szumny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida St. 27, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0796-6273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kupczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego St. 38c, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.14009","article-title":"Negative Energy Balance Affects Perinatal Ewe Performance, Rumen Morphology, Rumen Flora Structure, and Placental Function","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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