{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:03:13Z","timestamp":1789390993857,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"JST SPRING","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJSP2126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["JPMJSP2126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2126"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00097mb19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease that affects the tooth-supporting tissues. Salivary microRNA (miRNA) expression in extracellular vesicles (EVs) can reflect periodontal status. Both the prevalence and severity of periodontitis are higher in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). This study aimed to identify miRNA in salivary EVs associated with periodontitis in PWH receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The case group comprised PWH with periodontitis undergoing ART, while the control group included individuals with periodontitis but without HIV infection. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a specific miRNA was identified in the case group using next-generation sequencing analysis, resulting in the selection of hsa-miR-324-5p as a candidate marker of periodontitis. In the second phase, the association between miRNA expression of hsa-miR-324-5p and periodontal status in the case group was evaluated using real-time-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that hsa-miR-324-5p expression was significantly associated with periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA). Bioinformatic analysis identified 10 potential hub genes for hsa-miR-324-5p that are involved in protein kinase binding and are associated with the adherens junction pathway, that may be contributing to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Salivary hsa-miR-324-5p derived from EVs may be associated with the severity of periodontitis among PWH receiving ART.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:09:51Z","timestamp":1789387791000},"page":"8117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Salivary miR-324-5p Is Associated with Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area in People Living with HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9009-9098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Nurhamim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1431-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya","family":"Yokoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5086-1891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideharu","family":"Hagiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2205-8310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayuki","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1876-5605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Ekuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1613108","article-title":"A Single Hox Locus in Drosophila Produces Functional microRNAs from Opposite DNA Strands","volume":"22","author":"Stark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes. 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