{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:03:00Z","timestamp":1789390980673,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Scientific Research Department (NIS) of Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The toxicological risk and development of resistance associated with synthetic drugs and supplements can be reduced by focusing efforts on medicinal plants that are of interest in pharmacognostic research to find new drugs or templates for the development of new bioactive compounds. The parasitic plant Cuscuta spp. has significant pharmacological activity at the extract level, but there is limited data on the bioactivity of its chemical compounds. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the antiviral potential of extracts obtained from different parts of two species, C. campestris and C. epithymum. The two species clearly differ in their flavonoid profiles, which could also suggest different antiviral activities of the extracts. We used methanol and aqueous extracts, MDBK, VERO E6 clone 76 and BGM cell lines, HSV-1, HSV-2 strain DD (acyclovir-resistant), HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2, maximum tolerable concentration, the MTT test, the plaque-forming method and the HPLS-MS analysis. It was found that the metabolic composition varies depending on the host plant. We hypothesize that differences in the composition of the extracts lead to differences in antiviral activity. Some of the tested methanol extracts showed a pronounced inhibitory effect, both on replication and on extracellular virions, in relation to the ACV-resistant strain of HSV type 2 and SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with the other viral models used by us. The strongest antiviral effect was shown by the methanol extract of C. campestris with host Chenopodium spp. against SARS-CoV-2, as the virus inhibition was about 100%, and the virucidal effect showed a decrease in the viral titer by more than 2.5 lg. Based on the results obtained, we assume possible antagonistic interaction of individual metabolites in the total methanol extracts. Extract C3, applied at the maximum tolerable concentration and one level lower, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 about 100 percent. SARS-CoV-2-infected cells preserved mitochondrial activity and relatively preserved lysosomal activity; this is also the reason why the MTT test, as well as neutral red staining, is not applicable to this viral model propagated in the VERO E6 cell line.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:09:51Z","timestamp":1789387791000},"page":"8120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Cuscuta Extracts Against HSV-1, HSV-2 (ACV-Resistant Strain), HCoV229E and SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zornitsa","family":"Tileva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7017-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petya","family":"Angelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Hinkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Centre of Competence \u201cSustainable Utilization of Bio-Resources and Waste of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Innovative Bioactive Products\u201d (BIORESOURCES BG), 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8203-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stoyan","family":"Shishkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Centre of Competence \u201cSustainable Utilization of Bio-Resources and Waste of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Innovative Bioactive Products\u201d (BIORESOURCES BG), 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4765-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyuben","family":"Zagorchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0467-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denitsa","family":"Teofanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4765-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Sirakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology \u201cCorr. Mem. Prof. Ivan Mitov, MD, DMSc\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Kalina","family":"Shishkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00199-7","article-title":"A review of HSV pathogenesis, vaccine development, and advanced applications","volume":"5","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200101000-00001","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus epidemiology and ocular importance","volume":"20","author":"Liesegang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00448-w","article-title":"The structural basis of herpesvirus entry","volume":"19","author":"Connolly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cgt.7700946","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) for cancer treatment","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda-Saksena, M., Denes, C.E., Diefenbach, R.J., and Cunningham, A.L. (2018). Infection and transport of herpes simplex virus type 1 in neurons: Role of the cytoskeleton. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020092"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00713-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Lamers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Montero, C., Fraile-Mart\u00ednez, O., Bravo, C., Torres-Carranza, D., Sanchez-Trujillo, L., G\u00f3mez-Lahoz, A.M., Guijarro, L.G., Garc\u00eda-Honduvilla, N., As\u00fansolo, A., and Bujan, J. (2021). An updated review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the importance of effective vaccination programs in pandemic times. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050433"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2798-3","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development","volume":"586","author":"Krammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v87i1.1895","article-title":"Zoonotic origins and animal hosts of coronaviruses causing human disease pandemics: A review","volume":"87","author":"Latif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101830","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 jumping the species barrier: Zoonotic lessons from SARS, MERS and recent advances to combat this pandemic virus","volume":"37","author":"Dhama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-021-00943-6","article-title":"Recombination and lineage-specific mutations linked to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"13","author":"Filip","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1934578X241282923","article-title":"Medicinal plants as effective antiviral agents and their potential benefits","volume":"19","author":"Atampugbire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachar, S.C., Mazumder, K., Bachar, R., Aktar, A., and Al Mahtab, M. (2021). A review of medicinal plants with antiviral activity available in Bangladesh and mechanistic insight into their bioactive metabolites on SARS-CoV-2, HIV and HBV. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.732891"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"9354","article-title":"Medicinal plants as a source of novel antiviral compounds: Challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Alam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-025-03218-3","article-title":"Therapeutic approaches for COVID-19: A review of antiviral treatments, immunotherapies, and emerging interventions","volume":"42","author":"Alves","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.69613\/68t37139","article-title":"Review of COVID-19 Therapeutics and Anti-Herpes Virus Drugs","volume":"2","author":"Konarapu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharma Insights Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, T.I., Correia, I., Seagal, J., DeGoey, D.A., Schrimpf, M.R., Hardee, D.J., Noey, E.L., and Kati, W.M. (2022). Antiviral drug discovery for the treatment of COVID-19 infections. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050961"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2022.105430","article-title":"Combination therapy with nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir improves the survival of SARS-CoV-2 infected mice","volume":"208","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Jesus Gomes Ribeiro, G., de Souza, E.E., Palmisano, G., Durigon, E.L., Liebau, E., and Wrenger, C. (2025). Plant-derived extracts and natural products with antiviral activity. Front. Virol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2025.1632734"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-102320-115331","article-title":"Functional roles of parasitic plants in a warming world","volume":"53","author":"Watson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heide-J\u00f8rgensen, H.S. (2008). Parasitic Flowering Plants, Brill.","DOI":"10.1163\/ej.9789004167506.i-438"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Assyov, B., Petrova, A., Dimitrov, D., and Vassilev, R. (2012). Conspectus of the Vascular Plants in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Biodiversity Foundation."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Stoyanov, K.H., Raycheva, T., and Cheschmedzhiev, I. (2021). Key to the Native and Foreign Vascular Plants in Bulgaria, Agricultural University Plovdiv Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1271186","article-title":"Differentiation of Cuscuta chinensis and Cuscuta australis by HPLC-DAD-MS analysis and HPLC-UV quantitation","volume":"77","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-1978(97)00015-X","article-title":"Phenolic constituents as taxonomic markers in the genus Cuscuta (Cuscutaceae)","volume":"25","author":"Czygan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00047-3","article-title":"Preliminary comparative analysis of medicinal plants used in the traditional medicine of Bulgaria and Italy","volume":"87","author":"Leporatti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakarova, B., Zagorchev, L., Pachedjieva, K., Tosheva, A., Zagorcheva, T., Rusanov, K., and Teofanova, D. (2025). Analysis of Variations in the Flavonoid Profiles of Cuscuta campestris and Cuscuta epithymum in Bulgaria as a Potential Chemotaxonomical Marker. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14081220"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozanova, V., Teofanova, D., Chakarova, B., Rusanov, K., Pachedjieva, K., Tosheva, A., Zagorcheva, T., and Zagorchev, L. (2025). The Antioxidant Properties of Extracts of Cuscuta spp. Depend on the Parasite and the Host Species. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14070761"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2011.02.059","article-title":"Influence of extraction methods on stability of flavonoids","volume":"1218","author":"Biesaga","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zagorcheva, T., Teofanova, D., Odjakova, M., Li, J., and Zagorchev, L. (2026). Pharmacological Properties of Parasitic Plants: Current Evidence and the Role of Parasitic Lifestyle. Plants, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15091359"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89314-0","article-title":"Interactions between polyphenolic antioxidants quercetin and naringenin dictate the distinctive redox-related chemical and biological behaviour of their mixtures","volume":"11","author":"Baranowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shishkova, K., Sirakova, B., Shishkov, S., Stoilova, E., Mladenov, H., and Sirakov, I. (2024). A comparative analysis of molecular biological methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and testing the in vitro infectivity of the virus. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010180"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.10.016","article-title":"Ethnopharmacolgy of Cuscuta epithymum: A comprehensive review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacolgy and toxicity","volume":"231","author":"Chabra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi, K., Omidi, H., and Dehaghi, M.A. (2022). A Review on the Botanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics of Cuscuta spp.. Parasitic Plants, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.101571"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2478\/v10184-012-0002-z","article-title":"Host range and host choice of Cuscuta species in Hungary","volume":"71","author":"Barath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Croat."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.12.013","article-title":"Interactions of polyphenols with carbohydrates, lipids and proteins","volume":"175","author":"Jakobek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1874","article-title":"Dietary flavonoid aglycones and their glycosides: Which show better biological significance?","volume":"57","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7309","article-title":"Quercetin and its derivates as antiviral potentials: A comprehensive review","volume":"36","author":"Fais","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaul, R., Paul, P., Kumar, S., B\u00fcsselberg, D., Dwivedi, V.D., and Chaari, A. (2021). Promising Antiviral Activities of Natural Flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 Targets: Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011069"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2020.127377","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 main protease as drug target","volume":"30","author":"Ullrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.197989","article-title":"Natural product-derived phytochemicals as potential agents against coronaviruses: A review","volume":"284","author":"Mani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2024.11.009","article-title":"Evaluating the antiviral efficacy and specificity of chlorogenic acid and related herbal extracts against SARS-CoV-2 variants via spike protein binding intervention","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.51847\/pg8LAD1TQf","article-title":"Antiviral and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of natural chlorogenic acid and its synthetic derivatives","volume":"13","author":"Aljehany","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202405545","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202405545","article-title":"Medicinal plant-derived caffeoylquinic acids as inhibitors of Rift Valley fever virus: A computational study","volume":"10","author":"More","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"100125","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2, antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of dietary flavonol quercetin: Focus on molecular targets and clinical efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Dinda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Periferakis, A., Periferakis, A.T., Troumpata, L., Periferakis, K., Scheau, A.E., Savulescu-Fiedler, I., Caruntu, A., Badarau, I.A., Caruntu, C., and Scheau, C. (2023). Kaempferol: A review of current evidence of its antiviral potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216299"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(88)90134-6","article-title":"Rapid and automated tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay for the detection of anti-HIV compounds","volume":"20","author":"Pauwels","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(91)90008-N","article-title":"An application of tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay for the screening of anti-herpes simplex virus compounds","volume":"33","author":"Takeuchi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(94)90041-8","article-title":"A sensitive assay system screening antiviral compounds against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2","volume":"49","author":"Sudo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.99.2.167","article-title":"Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses","volume":"99","author":"Dulbecco","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/18\/8120\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:13:27Z","timestamp":1789388007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/18\/8120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27188120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27188120","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]}}}