{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:04:03Z","timestamp":1789621443197,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACD 187255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACD 187255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ACD 187255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACD 187255"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01gavpb45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-05670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-05670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RGPIN-2020-05670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-05670"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) contribute to innate immune responses and taste preferences. Variants in T2R genes (TAS2Rs) may increase the risk of adverse oral health. This study investigated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 25 TAS2R genes and 12 TAS2R pseudogenes with oral health symptoms within the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) cohort. Allele frequencies were calculated using PLINK and compared with the 1000 Genomes Project for individuals of European descent. Associations of oral health symptoms reported by 21,991 individuals (mean age 63 years, 50% female, 48% never smokers), with TAS2R SNPs (87 in TAS2R genes; 37 in TAS2R pseudogenes; minor allele frequency &gt; 0.01) were tested by Chi-square with Bonferroni correction and by logistic regression correcting for sociodemographic variables and oral health habits. Fifteen SNPs in TAS2R8, 9, 13, 14, 20, and 50 showed modest suggestive associations with self-reported sore jaw muscles. These variants were associated with relatively small changes in the odds of reporting sore jaw muscles (6 positive; 9 negative). Nine of these SNPs were in TAS2R20 and highly correlated (r2 \u2248 1), likely representing a single locus-level genetic signal. However, none of the associations remained significant after Benjamini\u2013Hochberg FDR correction across all 2604 SNP\u2013phenotype tests, and these findings should therefore be considered exploratory. Structure-function analysis identified selected TAS2R20 residues near the predicted ligand-binding region, providing hypotheses for future functional investigation. These exploratory findings provide hypotheses for future genetic and functional investigation and require independent replication in clinically characterized cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:09:51Z","timestamp":1789387791000},"page":"8128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Taste Genetics and Oral Health Symptoms in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Marziyeh","family":"Shafizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8416-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikram","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samah","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3348-5855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Britt","family":"Dr\u00f6gem\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3N4, Canada"},{"name":"Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"},{"name":"Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9002-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysi","family":"Papadimitropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"St. John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7060-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajinder P.","family":"Bhullar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1129-7957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashen","family":"Chelikani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Hitchon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3N4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D786","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky930","article-title":"Genenames.org: The HGNC and VGNC resources in 2019","volume":"47","author":"Braschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12630","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1168-07.2007","article-title":"Gustatory expression pattern of the human TAS2R bitter receptor gene family reveals a heterogenous population of bitter responsive taste receptor cells","volume":"27","author":"Behrens","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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