{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:04:24Z","timestamp":1789391064501,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PROSNI 2025"},{"name":"Instituto de Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nico-Degenerativas (IIECD) of the Universidad de Guadalajara","award":["PFICLI UdeG (2025) P3E:283628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PFICLI UdeG (2025) P3E:283628"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exosomes are small vesicles released by various cell types\u2014compounds of a lipid bilayer and surface proteins that facilitate their recognition, direction, and uptake by the target cell. Inside, exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, the composition of which varies depending on the cell of origin. Exosomes can be internalized by the target cell by endocytosis, fusion, or ligand\u2013receptor interaction. The main functions of these extracellular vesicles (EVs) are intercellular communication, gene regulation, and the activation of cell regeneration and repair processes. Due to these characteristics, exosomes emerge as a promising option for the treatment of various diseases. Therefore, this review addresses the biology of exosomes and provides examples of studies with the molecular mechanisms by which these vesicles are taken up by target cells; examples of factors that influence the secretion and molecular composition of exosomes, which can be modified through exosome engineering, to enhance their effects. Furthermore, it addresses a diverse range of examples of the potential therapeutic applications of exosomes, including those loaded with different types of molecules, to use them as vehicles for drug delivery, with the objective of achieving safer, more precise, and effective treatments. Finally, it includes some clinical studies conducted with exosomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:09:51Z","timestamp":1789387791000},"page":"8145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biology and Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes, Targeted Drug Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7682-272X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Antonio Guillermo","family":"Mateos-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nico-Degenerativas, Centro de Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Daniel","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Multidisciplinario en Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonal\u00e1, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Nuevo Perif\u00e9rico 555, Tonal\u00e1 45425, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Magdalena","family":"Gurrola-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nico-Degenerativas, Centro de Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4302-8914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luz Elena","family":"Gasca-Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nico-Degenerativas, Centro de Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6418-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Ver\u00f3nica","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nico-Degenerativas, Centro de Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9556-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana Mar\u00eda","family":"Salazar-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nico-Degenerativas, Centro de Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-013118-111902","article-title":"Exosomes","volume":"88","author":"Pegtel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. 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