{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:04:35Z","timestamp":1789391075139,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province","award":["20250602061RC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250602061RC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ginsenoside Rh2, a protopanaxadiol-type saponin derived from Panax ginseng, exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities; however, its specific mechanisms in asthma remain elusive. In this study, we systematically evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of Rh2 against asthma using both in vitro and in vivo models. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced in vitro cell model was established and treated with low, medium, and high doses of Rh2 (1, 5, and 10 \u03bcg\/mL). Concurrently, an in vivo asthma model was constructed via ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and administered with three doses of Rh2 (2.5, 5, and 10 mg\/kg). The results demonstrated that Rh2 significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-4 [IL-4], interleukin-5 [IL-5], interleukin-13 [IL-13], interleukin-33 [IL-33], and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 [TNF-\u03b1]) and upregulated anti-inflammatory factors (interferon-\u03b3 [IFN-\u03b3] and interleukin-10 [IL-10]) in both experimental models. Furthermore, Rh2 inhibited the expression of key inflammatory pathway proteins, including suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-\u03baB), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that Rh2 primarily modulates the TNF-\u03b1 signaling pathway, cytokine\u2013cytokine receptor interaction, pyrimidine metabolism, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Integrated analysis further identified significant correlations between differentially expressed genes (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 [CXCL2], C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 17 [CXCL17], and leukemia inhibitory factor [LIF]) and differential metabolites (cytosine, L-histidine, and creatine). Collectively, these findings suggest that ginsenoside Rh2 ameliorates asthma by modulating cytokine interactions and amino acid metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:09:51Z","timestamp":1789387791000},"page":"8160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the Therapeutic Effects of Ginsenoside Rh2 in Asthma Improvement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yuming","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongming","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9275-1120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianxia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2021_483","article-title":"A Current Perspective of Allergic Asthma: From Mechanisms to Management","volume":"Volume 268","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergic Diseases\u2014From Basic Mechanisms to Comprehensive Management and Prevention"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.103051","article-title":"Global, regional, national burden of asthma from 1990 to 2021, with projections of incidence to 2050: A systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"80","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"eClinicalMedcine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, T., and Li, H. 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