{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:32:10Z","timestamp":1789464730342,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric obesity is a chronic, multifactorial neuroendocrine disease in which disrupted gut\u2013brain signaling, hypothalamic appetite regulation, adipose tissue dysfunction, and altered inter-organ communication sustain positive energy balance. Incretin-based therapies translate this biology into mechanism-based treatment, yet their developmental implications remain incompletely defined. This narrative review integrates evidence on GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling with pediatric trial data and clinical implementation, with particular attention to developmental modifiers of gut\u2013brain signaling and treatment during growth and puberty. We describe how GLP-1 receptor agonists act across central and peripheral tissues to reduce appetite, delay gastric emptying, and enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion and examine the rationale for dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonism. Randomized pediatric trials demonstrate clinically meaningful BMI reduction with liraglutide and semaglutide, with the largest mean effect reported for semaglutide in adolescents; however, long-term effects on growth, puberty, bone health, body composition, and weight maintenance remain uncertain. Tirzepatide has shown greater weight-loss efficacy than selective GLP-1 receptor agonism in adults, but no randomized trial has evaluated it in pediatric obesity without diabetes. Incretin-based therapies should be integrated with nutritional, behavioral, psychological, and family-based care. Their future value will depend on durable efficacy, developmental safety, equitable access, and identification of patients most likely to benefit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:16:48Z","timestamp":1789460208000},"page":"8191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GLP-1 and Dual GIP\/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Pediatric Obesity: From Neuroendocrine Mechanisms to Clinical Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Dominika","family":"My\u015bliwczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"My\u015bliwiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9595-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Minarowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, School of Public Health, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Outpatient Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, Department of Pulmonology, Bialystok Medical University Children\u2019s Hospital, 15-274 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5288-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Wasilewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022060640","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060640","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Obesity","volume":"151","author":"Hampl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00858-9","article-title":"Current and Future Pharmacotherapies for Obesity in Children and Adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Kelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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