{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T09:02:37Z","timestamp":1789549357754,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministry of Health, Italy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRC-2026-23688274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRC-2026-23688274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Oxidative stress is involved in disease pathogenesis, with the consequent damage to DNA. Nowadays, phytocompounds attract much interest for their capacity to modulate some of the pathogenic mechanisms of PD. Glucosinolates (GLs) and their derivatives, isothiocyanate (ITC), obtained by GLs hydrolysis by myrosinase (MYR), showed neuroprotective properties. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of pre- and post-treatment with the GL glucoraphanin (GRA) bioactivated with MYR in an in vitro model of PD, namely differentiated SH-SY5Y cells treated with the toxin MPP+. With this aim, we performed transcriptomic analysis using next-generation sequencing (NGS). We observed that GRA + MYR pre-treatment modulated Biological Process (BP) of Gene Ontology (GO) and Reactome pathways associated with oxidative stress response and DNA repair mechanisms. In the post-treatment group, BP and pathways associated with DNA processes were also overrepresented in association with those correlated to oxidative stress. Indeed, some differentially expressed genes associated with oxidative stress response were upregulated, such as SOD1, whose protein levels also increased. The results of this exploratory study suggested that GRA + MYR may induce protective effects and, in particular, pre-treatment may modulate genes involved in DNA repair, while the post-treatment may exert a protective action against oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:58:59Z","timestamp":1789545539000},"page":"8232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactivated Glucoraphanin Exerts a Potential Protective Effect in an In Vitro Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Transcriptomic Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7868-3353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnese","family":"Gugliandolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1815-1731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Muscar\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4084-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Floramo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9058-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Argento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0728-403X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Tagliavento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HyRes Srl, Via Salvator Rosa 18, 82100 Benevento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5952-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Meneguzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IBE, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Perenzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all\u2019Adige, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4935-5876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulvio","family":"Mattivi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Metabolomics and Bioactives Development (CSMETAB), 38098 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Mazzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d Chieti-Pescara, Via Dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0358-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Chiricosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino-Pulejo\u201d, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM2003ra020003","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"348","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. 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