{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:03:49Z","timestamp":1789707829986,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Department of Education","award":["III-HBGI-RES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["III-HBGI-RES"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021adze67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["III-HBGI-RES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["III-HBGI-RES"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021adze67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychoactive component of the hemp plant, has been investigated as a potential novel antimicrobial agent. This study was aimed at understanding the interactions between CBD and the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Salmonella Typhimurium LT2. Employing in silico techniques, we analyzed the binding affinities, interaction profiles, and drug-likeness of CBD with five independent OMP targets\u2014OmpA, OmpC, OmpD, OmpF, and OmpX\u2014together with a historical OmpD\/nmpC receptor entry (legacy NmpC label). The molecular docking results showed varying predicted binding affinities across the evaluated OMP receptor entries, with OmpX exhibiting a docking score of \u22126.6 kcal\/mol and the OmpD\/nmpC legacy receptor entry, originally labeled \u201cNmpC,\u201d exhibiting a score of \u22126.4 kcal\/mol. The latter was retained for transparency but was not interpreted as an independent OMP target following annotation verification. The high sequence conservation observed among the analyzed OMPs further suggests that structurally similar regions may occur across multiple Salmonella strains. KEGG pathway mapping was used to provide functional context for OmpC and OmpF, including their association with two-component signaling and \u03b2-lactam-resistance pathways. These pathway analyses contextualize the biological roles of the porins but do not demonstrate that CBD directly alters the mapped pathways. Similarly, the docking analyses do not establish functional inhibition of these proteins or demonstrate effects on membrane integrity, bacterial survival, virulence, or antimicrobial susceptibility. Rather, the findings identify candidate CBD\u2013OMP interactions and mechanistic hypotheses that warrant experimental validation. In conclusion, the in silico findings provide structural evidence of predicted interactions between CBD and selected OMPs of Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 and lay the foundation for further experimental studies to determine their biological significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:09:17Z","timestamp":1789553357000},"page":"8247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Silico Exploration of Cannabidiol Interactions with Outer Membrane Proteins in Salmonella Typhimurium LT2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9058-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iddrisu","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"The Industrial Hemp Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"African Drug Discovery and Innovation Network, Sunyani P.O. Box AB45, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6895-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Ndezure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4134-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelci","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"The Industrial Hemp Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Othreniel Angel","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Navitri","family":"Naidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latrell","family":"Huitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Ajibola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"The Industrial Hemp Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Junhuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"The Industrial Hemp Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Robertson K.","family":"Boakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"African Drug Discovery and Innovation Network, Sunyani P.O. Box AB45, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Mengu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Drug Discovery and Innovation Network, Sunyani P.O. Box AB45, Ghana"},{"name":"Counsil for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), College of Science and Technology (CCST), Josip Broz Tito Avenue (GL-063-0751), Accra P.O. Box M32, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3118-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fortune","family":"Akabanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University for Development Studies, Tamale P.O. Box TL1350, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2703-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Owusu-Kwarteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Drug Discovery and Innovation Network, Sunyani P.O. Box AB45, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Technology, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani P.O. 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