{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:04:34Z","timestamp":1789646674493,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52562028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52562028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52562028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52562028"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008111","name":"Hainan Provincial Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZDYF2025SHFZ019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2025SHFZ019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ta3N5 is a promising material for overall water splitting due to its suitable band positions and high theoretical photocurrent (12.9 mA cm\u22122). However, pristine Ta3N5 suffers from significant optical, recombination, and resistive losses, resulting in photocurrents and efficiencies far below theoretical expectations. To address these limitations, this work focuses on enhancing photocurrent and overall performance through structural and morphological engineering and surface functionalization. We investigated the potential of polyelectrolytes, poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) with anionic groups and poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) with cationic groups, as a hole transport layer material in Ta3N5 pyramid arrays photoelectrodes for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. We synthesized pyramid-shaped Ta3N5 using Na2Ta2O6 as a template. The polyelectrolyte combined with catalysts was used to modify Ta3N5 to improve charge separation and injection efficiency. After systematically investigating the effect of the polyelectrolyte modification sequence on the photoelectrode, the champion sample Ta3N5-PDDA3PSS3-Co(OH)x delivers a photocurrent density of 7.7 mA cm\u22122 at 1.23 V vs. RHE under simulated solar illumination, which is over 7-fold higher than that of pristine Ta3N5. This work demonstrates that polymer functionalization of nitride semiconductors enables efficient solar-to-fuel conversion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:41:35Z","timestamp":1789645295000},"page":"8281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Layer-by-Layer Assembled Polyelectrolytes on Ta3N5 Pyramid Arrays for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Haoran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropic Ocean Engineering Materials and Materials Evaluation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropic Ocean Engineering Materials and Materials Evaluation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shaoxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropic Ocean Engineering Materials and Materials Evaluation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3502-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianjun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shiwei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropic Ocean Engineering Materials and Materials Evaluation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100553","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202100553","article-title":"Recent Advances in Transition Metal Nitride-Based Materials for Photocatalytic Applications","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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