{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:31:30Z","timestamp":1789659090269,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Outstanding Youth Science and Technology Fund","award":["2024YQ16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YQ16"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vdyrj80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2024YQ16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YQ16"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vdyrj80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Central Plains Scholar","award":["264000510011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["264000510011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011798","name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CARS-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011798","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CARS-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Independent Innovation Projects of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["2026ZC158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026ZC158"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vdyrj80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Independent Innovation Projects of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["2026ZC159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026ZC159"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vdyrj80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2026ZC158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026ZC158"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vdyrj80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2026ZC159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026ZC159"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vdyrj80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Henan Agriculture Research System","award":["HARS-22-11-G3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HARS-22-11-G3"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Henan","award":["241111310200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["241111310200"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Henan","award":["251111310600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251111310600"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Henan","award":["251111111800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251111111800"]}]},{"name":"Henan Center for Overseas Scientists","award":["GZS2024025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZS2024025"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Funds to Guide Local Science and Technology Development","award":["2025ZYYD07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZYYD07"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Funds to Guide Local Science and Technology Development","award":["2026ZYYD07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026ZYYD07"]}]},{"award":["2025ZYYD07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZYYD07"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036h6g940","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2026ZYYD07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026ZYYD07"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036h6g940","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polygonatum sibiricum Red. is a medicinal and edible homologous plant whose rhizome quality determines its clinical efficacy and commercial value. However, conventional evaluations typically treat the entire rhizome as homogeneous, overlooking the intrinsic heterogeneity along age nodes, and the regulatory mechanisms governing such age-dependent quality variation remain largely unclear. In this study, four-year-old rhizomes were precisely segmented into four age nodes (HJ1\u2013HJ4), and the contents of polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins were systematically determined alongside comparative transcriptome sequencing to dissect the age-dependent bioactive variation and underlying molecular mechanisms. The three bioactive components exhibited markedly asynchronous accumulation patterns, with polysaccharides peaking at HJ3, flavonoids at HJ4, and saponins at HJ1. Transcriptomic analysis identified 19,638 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with KEGG enrichment pointing to starch and sucrose metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and steroid biosynthesis as the pivotal pathways. A coordinated transcriptional reprogramming emerged across development, characterized by early upregulation of backbone-construction genes and progressive activation of modification-and-decoration genes\u2014yet it manifested through pathway-specific regulatory logics, with Mantel tests further confirming that key genes, including \u03b2-amylase3, CYP75B11, and squalene epoxidase (SQLE), were significantly correlated with the accumulation of polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins, respectively. These findings challenge the conventional assumption that older nodes are universally superior and establish that age-node differentiation reflects fundamental metabolic reprogramming, supporting a node-targeted utilization strategy encompassing HJ3 for polysaccharide-based products, HJ4 for antioxidant applications, HJ1 for saponin extraction, and HJ2 for bulk materials, while providing both mechanistic insights and practical guidance for precision harvesting and quality-oriented management of P. sibiricum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:41:35Z","timestamp":1789645295000},"page":"8282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative RNA-Seq and Phytochemical Profiling Reveal Year-Dependent Bioactive Variations and Delineate Key Metabolic Pathways in Polygonatum sibiricum Red. Rhizome Nodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Chunming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0213-2361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5174-4494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8048-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1034-220X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dandan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9724-1032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2588-0513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2369-8558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengfan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongliang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengwei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Bai, K., Xie, J., Mu, X., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Xu, J., Wu, C., Li, C., and He, F. (2026). Fresh Phytomedicines: Traditional Applications, Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Activities, Challenges, and Strategies. Plants, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15142122"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.12.006","article-title":"The genus Polygonatum: A review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology","volume":"214","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Pharmacopoeia Commission (2025). Pharmacopoeia of the People\u2019s Republic of China Electron Physician, China Medical Science and Technology Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118024","article-title":"Research progress on medicinal components and pharmacological activities of polygonatum sibiricum","volume":"328","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2329","article-title":"Advances in studies on chemical constituents of three medicinal plants from Polygonatum Mill. and their pharmacological activities","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research progress on pharmacological action and mechanism of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Liaoning Univ. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, X., Li, C., Li, L., Yang, Y., Wang, L., Cao, Y., Lu, D., Sun, Y., Su, M., and Yu, Y. (2026). Metabolo-Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanisms Underlying Seed Dormancy Release in Polygonatum sibiricum. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27157032"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"384","article-title":"Dry matter accumulation and polysaccharides distribution in different sections of perennial Huangjing (Polygonatum Sibiricum Red)","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Boreali-Occident. Sin."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1612","article-title":"Quality differences of Polygonatum filipes in different growth year","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Liu, J., Xu, Y., Sun, C., Qu, W., Du, H., He, M., Huo, J., Sun, J., and Huang, J. (2024). Comparison of Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides Found in Young and Mature Rhizomes. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13132010"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"39","article-title":"Active Ingredients and Antioxidant Activity of Polygonatum spp. Rhizome with 11 Geographical Indications","volume":"43","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang For. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Huang, W., Chen, C., and Chen, P. (2026). Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua across different growth years. Front. Plant Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1860542"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J., Yao, J., Pu, J., Wang, D., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., and Zha, L. (2023). Transcriptome analysis of three medicinal plants of the genus Polygonatum: Identification of genes involved in polysaccharide and steroidal saponins biosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1293411"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, D., An, R., Wei, J., Wang, D., Li, X., and Qi, J. (2021). Transcriptome profiles revealed molecular mechanisms of alternating temperatures in breaking the epicotyl morphophysiological dormancy of Polygonatum sibiricum seeds. BMC Plant Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-021-03147-7"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, X., Wang, L., Yu, C., and Kou, C. (2024). Combined Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analysis of the Distribution of Flavonoids in the Fibrous Root and Taproot of Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl. Genes, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15070828"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042110-103918","article-title":"Plant nucleotide sugar formation, interconversion, and salvage by sugar recycling","volume":"62","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2023.113731","article-title":"Research progress in steroidal saponins from the genus Polygonatum: Chemical components, biosynthetic pathways and pharmacological effects","volume":"213","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"13","article-title":"Research Progress on Plant Terpene Synthase","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.37.060186.001423","article-title":"Sterol Biosynthesis","volume":"37","author":"Benveniste","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.08.021","article-title":"Highlights to phytosterols accumulation and equilibrium in plants: Biosynthetic pathway and feedback regulation","volume":"155","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6027","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab348","article-title":"Catch-22 in specialized metabolism: Balancing defense and growth","volume":"72","author":"Sayantan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.05.001","article-title":"Facing herbivory as you grow up: The ontogeny of resistance in plants","volume":"20","author":"Boege","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.121873","article-title":"Multi-omics to hormonal signaling networks: Decoding growth-defense trade-offs underlying growth-retardation in two-year-old cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.)","volume":"236","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/2402_19191936","article-title":"Metabolic strategies in Polygonatum: Growth-stress trade-off revealed via multi-omics","volume":"24","author":"Ryin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2026.114772","article-title":"Responses of lotus rhizome nutrient composition, polyphenol, and starch to growth period and cultivar","volume":"359","author":"Min","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhag088","article-title":"Elucidating the mechanisms underlying differential anthocyanin biosynthesis and its link to stem color and root isoflavonoid levels in Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Tang, W., Han, C., and Nie, S. (2022). Advances in Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structure, biosynthesis, and bioactivity. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1074671"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-022-10183-x","article-title":"Transcriptome Analysis of Different Sections of Rhizome in Polygonatum sibiricum Red. and Mining Putative Genes Participate in Polysaccharide Biosynthesis","volume":"60","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17699","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17699","article-title":"Integrative analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome provides insights into polysaccharide accumulation in Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce rhizome","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1995.07010097.x","article-title":"Evidence of the crucial role of sucrose synthase for sink strength using transgenic potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.)","volume":"7","author":"Zrenner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05167.x","article-title":"Inhibition of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in transgenic potatoes leads to sugar-storing tubers and influences tuber formation and expression of tuber storage protein genes","volume":"11","author":"Sonnewald","year":"1992","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2598","article-title":"Tracking survey on the growth increment of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Liang, S., Fu, D., Fu, H., and Zhao, H. (2026). Integration of metabolomics and proteomics reveals the mechanisms of seasonal accumulation and key regulatory networks of polysaccharides in Polygonatum odoratum. BMC Plant Biol., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-026-08796-0"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"38","article-title":"Medicinal Quality Relating to Age of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua Plant Section","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fujian J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-026-04938-8","article-title":"Combined R2R3-MYB transcription factor mutants reveal the regulatory structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana flavonoid biosynthesis pathway","volume":"263","author":"Sielmann","year":"2026","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, Z., Yang, K., Chen, X., Xu, F., Sui, X., Huang, Y., Zhu, S., Shen, E., Wu, S., and Fan, L. (2025). Multiomic analysis of the synthetic pathways of secondary metabolites in tobacco leaves at different developmental stages. Front. Plant Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1615756"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874070701710011001","article-title":"Transformation of antisense chalcone synthase (CHS) gene into lotus (Nelumbo nucifera gaertn.) by particle bombardment","volume":"11","author":"Kanjana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03937-w","article-title":"De novo assembly and annotation of the Zhe-Maidong (Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker-Gawl) transcriptome in different growth stages","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexres.2025.100231","article-title":"Ginsenosides analysis in different aged rhizomes of Panax sokpayensis: A Panax species from Indian Himalaya","volume":"2","author":"Shweta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, J., Zheng, W., Pang, X., Zhang, J., Chen, X., Yuan, M., Yu, K., Guo, B., and Ma, B. (2021). Comprehensive Investigation on Ginsenosides in Different Parts of a Garden-Cultivated Ginseng Root and Rhizome. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061696"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2007). Determination of Flavones in Buckwheat and Its Products (Standard No. NY\/T 1295-2007)."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C (T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/18\/8282\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:44:42Z","timestamp":1789645482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/18\/8282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27188282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27188282","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}