{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:54:22Z","timestamp":1790916862905,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province","award":["20250004000009401JLGJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250004000009401JLGJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Panax ginseng-derived EV-like particles (PG-EVLPs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer vesicles extracted from ginseng roots, stems, leaves, or cell cultures, with diameters typically between 50 and 200 nm. Available preclinical studies have demonstrated that PG-EVLPs exhibit favorable in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility and short-term safety, without obvious hemolysis, cytotoxicity or organ damage, making them an active area of research at the intersection of traditional Chinese medicine and nanomedicine. This review covers separation and purification methods, physicochemical characterization techniques, bioactive component composition, and pharmacological mechanisms of PG-EVLPs. It also evaluates several delivery strategies, including natural nanocarrier delivery, engineering modification, and hydrogel composite systems, and discusses current challenges in standardization, safety assessment, and clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1790860706000},"page":"8320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in Research on Panax Ginseng-Derived EV-like Particles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianxia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2022.03.004","article-title":"Ancient herbal therapy: A brief history of Panax ginseng","volume":"47","author":"Potenza","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Li, J., Chen, C., Wang, M., Zhang, M., and Liu, W. (2026). Ginseng Biomacromolecules: Integrating Nutrition and Health, a New Direction in Phytomedicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052151"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"529","article-title":"Research progress on chemical diversity of saponins in Panax ginseng","volume":"16","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2025.08.002","article-title":"Exploring the potential of ginseng-derived compounds in treating cancer cachexia","volume":"49","author":"Ho","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piao, X., Zhang, H., Kang, J.P., Yang, D.U., Li, Y., Pang, S., Jin, Y., Yang, D.C., and Wang, Y. (2020). Advances in Saponin Diversity of Panax ginseng. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153452"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Lee, J.W., Jo, I.H., Kwon, N., Kim, D., Chung, J.W., Bang, K.H., and Sung, J. (2022). Volatile Compositions of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquifolium Grown for Different Cultivation Years. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12010136"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-026-02137-5","article-title":"Chemical fingerprinting of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) using multi-platform metabolomics and taste profiling","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X24500022","article-title":"Phytochemistry of Red Ginseng, a Steam-Processed Panax ginseng","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"3","article-title":"Consensus statement on research and application of Chinese herbal medicine derived extracellular vesicles-like particles (2023 edition)","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, T.U., Li, H., Martuscelli, M., Aiello, F., Esposito, L., Ashraf, K., Guo, M., and Mohsin, A. (2025). Plant-Derived Exosomes: Nano-Inducers of Cross-Kingdom Regulations. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18071005"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116543","article-title":"Research status and challenges of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles","volume":"174","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.12.022","article-title":"Plant-derived nanovesicles: Further exploration of biomedical function and application potential","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-025-00561-4","article-title":"Anti-obesity Effects of Panax ginseng-derived exosomes via AMPK-mediated inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5798","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NR07018A","article-title":"Ginseng-derived exosome-like nanovesicles extracted by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation to inhibit osteoclast differentiation","volume":"15","author":"Seo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"101105","article-title":"Ginseng-derived exosome-like nanovesicles protect against liver fibrosis by regulating TIMP2 pathways and gut dysbiosis","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2023.01.004","article-title":"Amelioration of colitis progression by ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles through suppression of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70022","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70022","article-title":"Practical advice for extracellular vesicle isolation in plant-microbe interactions: Concerns, considerations, and conclusions","volume":"13","author":"Thieron","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000789","article-title":"Neutrophil membrane-engineered Panax ginseng root-derived exosomes loaded miRNA 182-5p targets NOX4\/Drp-1\/NLRP3 signal pathway to alleviate acute lung injury in sepsis: Experimental studies","volume":"110","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2022.07.005","article-title":"Ginseng-derived nanoparticles induce skin cell proliferation and promote wound healing","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157087","article-title":"Plant-derived exosomes: Unveiling the similarities and disparities between conventional extract and innovative form","volume":"145","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2024.08.002","article-title":"Enhancement of skin regeneration through activation of TGF-beta\/SMAD signaling pathway by Panax ginseng meyer non-edible callus-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"49","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordaens, S., Oeyen, E., Willems, H., Ameye, F., De Wachter, S., Pauwels, P., and Mertens, I. (2023). Protein Biomarker Discovery Studies on Urinary sEV Fractions Separated with UF-SEC for the First Diagnosis and Detection of Recurrence in Bladder Cancer Patients. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060932"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-022-04943-y","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles with sucrose cushioning followed by ultracentrifugation","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02006-x","article-title":"Anti-glioma effect of ginseng-derived exosomes-like nanoparticles by active blood-brain-barrier penetration and tumor microenvironment modulation","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Properties of Ginseng-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles in LPS-induced RAW264.7","volume":"20","author":"Kyung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Sq."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03954-2","article-title":"Endothelial-targeted modification of ginseng-derived exosomes for IL-6 SiRNA delivery ameliorates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02313-x","article-title":"Ginseng-derived nanoparticles alleviate inflammatory bowel disease via the TLR4\/MAPK and p62\/Nrf2\/Keap1 pathways","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2024.102605","article-title":"Bioengineered exosome-derived rectal NanoAid offers a multifaceted solution for revolutionizing pediatric pneumonia homecare","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0035","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0035","article-title":"Plant-Derived Exosomes as Novel Nanotherapeutics Contrive Glycolysis Reprogramming-Mediated Angiogenesis for Diabetic Ulcer Healing","volume":"28","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2026.119377","article-title":"Multidimensional comparison of methodologies for isolating extracellular vesicles from Panax ginseng and Panax notoginseng","volume":"229","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, J., Jeong, H., Jang, E., Kim, E., Yoon, Y., Jang, S., Jeong, H.S., and Jang, G. (2022). Isolation of high-purity and high-stability exosomes from ginseng. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1064412"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S540462","article-title":"Ginseng-Derived Exosomes Attenuate Immune Evasion in NSCLC via PD-L1 Modulation","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2026.108122","article-title":"Carboxymethyl chitosan-based multifunctional hydrogel loaded with ginseng stem cell exosomes promotes severe burn wound healing through anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"52","author":"Ding","year":"2026","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, E.-G., Choi, S.-Y., Kim, H., Choi, E.-J., Lee, E.-J., Park, P.-J., Ko, J., Kim, K.P., and Baek, H.S. (2021). Panax ginseng-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Facilitate Anti-Senescence Effects in Human Skin Cells: An Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Way to Use Ginseng Substances. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030486"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rbag078","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbag078","article-title":"M1 macrophage-targeted engineered ginseng stems and leaves-derived extracellular vesicles delivery system for alleviating rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.151658","article-title":"Edible ginseng-derived exosomes as drug delivery vehicles reduce the dose and improve the anti-cancer effect of CDDP","volume":"758","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.149497","article-title":"An EGCG-enhanced pH\/ROS dual-responsive hyaluronic acid hydrogel loaded with ginseng-derived exosomes for diabetic oral ulcers treatment","volume":"339","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114373","article-title":"Nasal-to-brain siRNA delivery based on trace amine associated receptor for improving cognitive function","volume":"388","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0817-4","article-title":"Ginseng-derived nanoparticles alter macrophage polarization to inhibit melanoma growth","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5c01404","article-title":"Ginseng-Derived Exosomes-Loaded Thermosensitive Hydrogel for the Treatment of Periodontitis","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.4c01644","article-title":"The Cardioprotective Effect of Ginseng Derived Exosomes via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rbag146","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbag146","article-title":"Ginseng-derived exosomes loaded in fibrin gel promote retinal ganglion cell survival in glaucoma by exerting anti-inflammatory effects through modulating microglial polarization","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03292-3","article-title":"Ginseng exosomes modulate M1\/M2 polarisation by activating autophagy and target IKK\/Ismall ka, CyrillicB\/NF-small ka, CyrillicB to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Zhou, Q., Li, Z., Liu, Y., Pang, B., Feng, X., Yuan, H., Liu, C., Wang, L., and Fan, Z. (2026). Engineered ginseng-immune hybrid vesicles restore mitochondrial homeostasis for endothelium-targeted therapy of lung ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury. J. Nanobiotechnol.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-026-04945-7"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2026.115286","article-title":"MicroRNA signatures in ginseng derived exosome-like vesicles reveal functional RNAs for anti-tumor activity","volume":"399","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142914","article-title":"Enhanced therapeutic effects of ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles loaded hyaluronic acid injectable hydrogels for breast tumor treatment","volume":"310","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155428","article-title":"Ginseng-derived nanoparticles alleviate alcohol-induced liver injury by activating the Nrf2\/HO-1 signalling pathway and inhibiting the NF-\u03baB signalling pathway in vitro and in vivo","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2026.116634","article-title":"Ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles delivered miR-2118 suppresses ferroptosis by regulating zinc homeostasis via SLC39A7 targeting to alleviate osteoarthritis","volume":"269","author":"Ren","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2026.112580","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rh2 from ginseng exosomes enhances chemotherapy sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer by modulating the USP22-RRM2 axis","volume":"145","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtadv.2026.100700","article-title":"A novel microneedle-delivered nanoplatform utilizing proanthocyanidin-loaded ginseng exosomes for the translational therapy of skin photoaging: Evidence from animal and human studies","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"2274","article-title":"Prussian blue analogue-mineralized ginseng-derived vesicles promote PPAR\u03b3 nuclear translocation to suppress tumor vasculogenic mimicry and reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102143","article-title":"Ginseng-derived nanoparticles accelerate diabetic wound healing by modulating macrophage polarization and restoring endothelial cell function","volume":"34","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"422","article-title":"Multifunctional DNA hydrogels with light-triggered gas-therapy and controlled G-Exos release for infected wound healing","volume":"52","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2026.101016","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of Panax ginseng-derived nanovesicles in osteoporosis through enhanced osteoblast","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2024.01.001","article-title":"Ginseng root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles protect skin from UV irradiation and oxidative stress by suppressing activator protein-1 signaling and limiting the generation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"48","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00113","article-title":"Panax ginseng-derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles Prevent LPS-induced Septic Shock by Modulating TLR4 Glycosylation in Macrophages","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2308235","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308235","article-title":"Hybrid Ginseng-derived Extracellular Vesicles-like Particles with Autologous Tumor Cell Membrane for Personalized Vaccination to Inhibit Tumor Recurrence and Metastasis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-026-04168-w","article-title":"Synergistic delivery of ginseng exosomes and biomimetic melanosomes via temporally controlled hydrogel microneedles restrain the pathologic triad of vitiligo","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115046","article-title":"Ginseng exosomal miRNA ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by mediating KRAS-MAPK signaling","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Huang, L., Zhang, M., Lin, S., Xie, J., Li, H., Wang, X., Lu, Y., and Zheng, D. (2024). Comparison of nanovesicles derived from Panax notoginseng at different size: Physical properties, composition, and bioactivity. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1423115"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19775","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c03381","article-title":"Novel Copper Superparticle-Based Bragg Scattering Coupling Luminescence Strategy for Detection of Ginseng Exosomal miRNA","volume":"97","author":"Lyu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22502","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c03825","article-title":"Zn2GeO4:Mn Luminescent Superparticles\/Au-Ag Bimetallic Nanoarrays for ECL Detection of miRNA-156a in Ginseng Exosomes","volume":"98","author":"Lyu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-026-00617-x","article-title":"Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles as programmable bio-organic excipients: A next-generation platform for precision and immuno-silent drug delivery","volume":"34","author":"Belkare","year":"2026","journal-title":"DARU J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8151","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c02530","article-title":"Plant Exosomes As Novel Nanoplatforms for MicroRNA Transfer Stimulate Neural Differentiation of Stem Cells In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"101168","article-title":"Red ginseng-derived nanovesicles to modulate osteoblast and osteoclastogenesis for osteoporosis therapy","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"643","article-title":"Advance in glycosyltransferases, the important bioparts for production of diversified ginsenosides","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac505","article-title":"Medicinal terpenoid UDP-glycosyltransferases in plants: Recent advances and research strategies","volume":"74","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verstraeten, S.L., Lorent, J.H., and Mingeot-Leclercq, M.P. (2020). Lipid Membranes as Key Targets for the Pharmacological Actions of Ginsenosides. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.576887"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43674-w","article-title":"The activity of the saponin ginsenoside Rh2 is enhanced by the interaction with membrane sphingomyelin but depressed by cholesterol","volume":"9","author":"Verstraeten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2023.07.005","article-title":"Methods on improvements of the poor oral bioavailability of ginsenosides: Pre-processing, structural modification, drug combination, and micro- or nano- delivery system","volume":"47","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-96","article-title":"Panax ginseng extract rich in ginsenoside protopanaxatriol offers combinatorial effects in nitric oxide production via multiple signaling pathways","volume":"2","author":"Ahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Wang, H., Bi, W., Su, Y., Xiong, Y., Wang, S., and Han, L. (2024). Nano-Characterization, Composition Analysis, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of American-Ginseng-Derived Vesicle-like Nanoparticles. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29153443"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27351","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202527351","article-title":"Engineered Ginseng-Derived Nanovesicles with MCSP Targeting and Mitochondria-Directed Prodrug Delivery for Synergistic Immunotherapy of Metastatic Melanoma","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Shao, S., Zhang, Y., Zhao, D., and Wang, M. (2021). Insight Into Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in Improving Intestinal Inflammation: Modulating Intestinal Microbiota and Autophagy. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.683911"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.09.004","article-title":"Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of immune functions","volume":"45","author":"Ratan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2025.02.001","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg2, a principal effective ingredient of Panax ginseng, attenuates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through NF-kappaB\/NLRP3 pathway","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9867","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c00245","article-title":"Ginsenoside CK Alleviates DSS-Induced IBD in Mice by Regulating Tryptophan Metabolism and Activating Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor via Gut Microbiota Modulation","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100271","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i9.100271","article-title":"Network pharmacology and in vivo study: Unraveling the therapeutic mechanisms of Panax ginseng in potentially treating ulcerative colitis","volume":"31","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-020-00213-z","article-title":"Ginsenoside from ginseng: A promising treatment for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"73","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.08.028","article-title":"Ginseng-derived nanoparticles potentiate immune checkpoint antibody efficacy by reprogramming the cold tumor microenvironment","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.03.001","article-title":"Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of cardiovascular functions","volume":"44","author":"Irfan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111731","article-title":"Panax ginseng and aging related disorders: A systematic review","volume":"161","author":"Miola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S463145","article-title":"Unlocking the Medicinal Potential of Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Current Progress and Future Perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-026-02204-2","article-title":"Amplifying tumour antigen presentations from intratumourally entrapped dendritic cells","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"472","article-title":"A bioactive nanocomposite integrated specific TAMs target and synergistic TAMs repolarization for effective cancer immunotherapy","volume":"38","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6975","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000006975","article-title":"Treatment of Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation Following Acne with Microneedling and Panax ginseng-Derived Exosomes","volume":"13","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"17455057261471827","article-title":"Microneedling-assisted Panax ginseng exosome protocol for vulvovaginal symptoms and vulvar skin tone changes: A preliminary pilot observational study","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2026","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05892-3","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicine-derived extracellular vesicles as novel biotherapeutic tools: Present and future","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Wang, Z., Wang, F., Du, X., and Pang, X. (2025). Plant-derived vesicles: Isolation strategies and therapeutic applications. Front. Plant Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1660579"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79388-x","article-title":"Panax ginseng nanoemulsion for counteracting male infertility via modulating sex hormones and oxidative stress in a rat model","volume":"14","author":"Mohareb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices-Part 5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. Standard\u2019s ISO 10993-5:2009)."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, A. (2026). Preload time-dependent effects of Panax ginseng on postprandial glucose tolerance. A randomized controlled study in healthy middle-aged participants. Front. Nutr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1759162"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2025.08.004","article-title":"Effects of white ginseng on reducing stress and tension by enhancing default mode network connectivity: A randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"49","author":"Shim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, M., Wang, H., Chen, X., Wang, W., and Liu, Y. (2025). The potential of medicinal food plant Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. in managing chronic diseases via gut microbiota regulation: A systematic review of mechanisms and evidence. Front. Pharmacol., 16, Erratum in Front. Pharmacol.\u00a02025, 16, 1697027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1697027.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1650565"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S236425","article-title":"Effect of Panax ginseng (G115) Capsules versus Placebo on Acute Exacerbations in Patients with Moderate to Very Severe COPD: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariage, P.A., Hovhannisyan, A., and Panossian, A.G. (2020). Efficacy of Panax ginseng Meyer Herbal Preparation HRG80 in Preventing and Mitigating Stress-Induced Failure of Cognitive Functions in Healthy Subjects: A Pilot, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13040057"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J., Kim, T.H., Choi, T.Y., and Lee, M.S. (2013). Ginseng for health care: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials in Korean literature. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059978"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1007\/s44411-026-00560-y","article-title":"Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Sustainable Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery","volume":"127","author":"Bhutta","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bratisl. Med. J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/18\/8320\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:13:21Z","timestamp":1790914401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/18\/8320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27188320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27188320","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]}}}