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J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotics are widely used to decontaminate microalgal cultures, but their effects on algal physiology and associated bacterial communities remain unclear. We examined the concentration- and compound-dependent responses of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to ampicillin sodium, sulfanilamide, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin sulfate. Growth, culturable bacterial abundance, pigment content, photosynthetic performance, and fatty-acid composition were assessed across a mixed-antibiotic concentration gradient and under individual treatments. Higher antibiotic concentrations suppressed bacteria but inhibited algal growth, reduced chlorophyll accumulation, and altered fatty-acid composition. Physiological disruption increased in the order ampicillin sodium &lt; sulfanilamide &lt; chloramphenicol &lt; streptomycin sulfate. Streptomycin sulfate produced the strongest response, reducing maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv\/Fm) and light-use efficiency by 51.4% and 44.4%, respectively, while increasing total polyunsaturated fatty acids from 59.68% to 79.57%. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics showed that streptomycin sulfate reduced bacterial diversity and increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria from 44.54% to 90.66%. Lipid-related pathways were altered, particularly \u03b1-linolenic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Bacterial-community and metabolomic changes covaried under STRS exposure, and responsive taxa correlated with phospholipid- and oxylipin-related metabolites. These findings identify antibiotic acts as a selective stressor that alters algal physiology, lipid metabolism, and associated bacterial communities, highlighting the need for species-specific decontamination strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1790860706000},"page":"8325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibiotic Stress Reshapes Physiological Homeostasis, Lipid Metabolism, and Culture-Associated Bacterial Communities in Chlorella pyrenoidosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2608-6474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linyinxue","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yanxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9105-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aloysius","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Meihao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Liangliang","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Aike","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0161-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuxiong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"China-ASEAN Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Mariculture Technology (Shanghai), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-024-01454-w","article-title":"Feedbacks between Phytoplankton and Nutrient Cycles in a Warming Ocean","volume":"17","author":"Hutchins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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