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Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a significant role in the tumor microenvironment, including in brain tumors, as their activation can both support an anti-tumor response and promote tumor progression through chronic inflammation. However, the precise mechanisms of TLR action have not been fully elucidated, likely due to their complex role in both innate and adaptive immunity. The aim of this study was to analyze serum TLR2 and TLR9 concentrations in patients with glioma in the context of potential Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) infection. TLR9 levels were also analyzed in relation to the presence of viral DNA and EBER molecules in tumor tissue, as well as EBV-related serological responses. The results demonstrate that TLR2 and TLR9 levels were higher in patients with glioblastoma than in control groups. Notably, however, lower TLR9 concentrations were observed in patients testing positive for EBV. Furthermore, a detailed data analysis revealed a link between TLR9 levels and the presence of EBER molecules and\/or EBV DNA in tumor tissue. Nevertheless, given the undefined role of EBV in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma, further intensive research in this area is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:32:12Z","timestamp":1790083932000},"page":"8408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TLR2 and TLR9 in Brain Cancer Patients in Relation to EBV Status"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Brzozowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, 1st Clinical Military Hospital with Outpatient Clinic in Lublin, 20-049 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"G\u00f3ralczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8330-4573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwester","family":"Bogacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Administration and Social Sciences, University of Economics and Innovation, 20-209 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3222-184X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Polz-Dacewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sipos, D., Raposa, B.L., Freihat, O., Simon, M., Mekis, N., Cornacchione, P., and Kov\u00e1cs, \u00c1. 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