{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:05:14Z","timestamp":1790139914475,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","award":["GUP-2023-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2023-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00bw8d226","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["GUP-2023-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2023-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00bw8d226","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major global health concern, representing a leading cause of death and imposing a significant financial burden on public healthcare systems worldwide. They raise national healthcare expenditure into trillions of dollars globally. The development and progression of CVDs are heavily driven by oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid dysregulation, and endothelial dysfunction. Recent studies have highlighted the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cysteine-containing compounds, suggesting their role in mitigating cardiac diseases. This review explores the cardioprotective mechanisms of cysteine compounds such as N-acetyl cysteine, S-allyl cysteine, S-ethyl cysteine, and S-1-propenyl cysteine, emphasizing their roles in redox homeostasis, endothelial function preservation, mitochondrial protection, and inflammation attenuation. Specifically, we discuss how these compounds exert beneficial effects by serving as precursors to glutathione, acting as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donors, and targeting the Nrf2 pathway through the modulation of Keap1. Ultimately, this review highlights the potential of cysteine-based compounds as candidate adjunctive strategies for cardiovascular disease management. By effectively reducing oxidative stress and limiting inflammatory cascades, incorporating these compounds into dietary interventions could play a transformative role in minimizing myocardial damage and improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27188412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:32:12Z","timestamp":1790083932000},"page":"8412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unravelling the Therapeutic Potential of Cysteine for Cardiovascular Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-9224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satirah","family":"Zainalabidin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"},{"name":"Cardiovascular and Pulmonary (CardioResep) Research Group, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0125-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gayaatri","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8890-4922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhamad Adib","family":"Abdul Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1869-2111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiman Zakwan","family":"Azman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chai Yi","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asna Amanina","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5826-328X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Liyana Mohammed","family":"Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular and Pulmonary (CardioResep) Research Group, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4164-4403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatin Farhana","family":"Jubaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30402-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of congenital heart disease, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"4","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. 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