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The reviewed literature highlights the mechanisms underlying heavy metal-induced neurotoxicity and their effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Exposure to Pb, Hg, and Cd was shown to influence glial cell function by promoting oxidative stress, increasing reactive oxygen species production, enhancing inflammatory responses, and disrupting blood\u2013brain barrier integrity. These metals may also affect circadian regulation and alter melatonin distribution within the CNS. These changes contribute to morphological, physiological, and developmental alterations in glial cells. The findings indicate that glial cells represent a valuable model for investigating metal-induced cytotoxicity and neurotoxic mechanisms. Rat strains such as Sprague\u2013Dawley and Wistar are widely used experimental models for studying CNS alterations throughout different stages of development. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent and mitigate the adverse effects of environmental pollutants on the nervous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:28:43Z","timestamp":1790090923000},"page":"8457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury on Glial Cells in a Rat Model: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Gajocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Parasitology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta Izabela","family":"Kosik-Bogacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Parasitology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4472-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Piotrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23571","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system: Symphony of glial cells","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2734","article-title":"Effects of cadmium on the glial architecture in lizard brain","volume":"61","author":"Favorito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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