{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:02:10Z","timestamp":1790258530143,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012331","name":"LEO Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LF-ST-21-500002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LF-ST-21-500002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LF-ST-21-500002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LF-ST-21-500002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02rgsr590","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Denmark","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bpbnx46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tape strip-based transcriptomics shows promise for precision medicine in inflammatory skin diseases, but methodological variation limits reproducibility and clinical use. This study investigates whether four or eight tape strips are sufficient for transcriptomic profiling across three inflammatory skin diseases. As part of the Danish cohort study BIOSKIN, patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), contact dermatitis (CD), psoriasis, and healthy controls (n = 8 per group) were enrolled. Two sets of eight consecutive tape strips were obtained from each participant from lesional skin (patients) or healthy skin (controls) and pooled for RNA sequencing as strips 1\u20138, 1\u20134, or 5\u20138. Despite low RNA yield, sequencing was successful across all disease groups. Gene detectability was consistent across tape strip strategies, with 78.1%, 73.1%, and 67.7% overlap across strips 1\u20134, 5\u20138, and 1\u20138 for psoriasis, AD, and CD, respectively. Principal component analysis distinguished patients with psoriasis and AD from healthy controls, and enrichment analysis captured biologically relevant pathways across all three disease groups. In psoriasis, tape strip transcriptomics captured a core psoriatic transcriptome consistent with paired biopsy data. Four tape strips were sufficient for RNA sequencing and detection of disease-relevant inflammatory responses, supporting their use in longitudinal cohort studies and split-sampling designs. Performance was most robust for psoriasis and AD; optimization may benefit CD given the challenges of palmar sampling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:26:11Z","timestamp":1790256371000},"page":"8544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-Invasive Transcriptomic Profiling of Inflammatory Skin Diseases Using Four Tape Strips"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Anna Schultz","family":"Vinge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5902-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sule","family":"Altintas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3135-5624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"\u00d8dum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne Duus","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"The National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4784-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lone","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7361-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne Bengtson","family":"L\u00f8vendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"The Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32549-6","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"397","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31286-1","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"396","author":"Langan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00271-4","article-title":"Contact dermatitis","volume":"7","author":"Scheinman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.12.1091","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling of chronic hand eczema skin reveals shared immune pathways and molecular drivers across subtypes","volume":"155","author":"Quaade","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.12.018","article-title":"Atopic Dermatitis Is an IL-13\u2013Dominant Disease with Greater Molecular Heterogeneity Compared to Psoriasis","volume":"139","author":"Tsoi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2024.2323964","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis stratification: Current and future perspective on skin and blood transcriptomic and proteomic profiling","volume":"20","author":"Hawkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00992-4","article-title":"The translational revolution in atopic dermatitis: The paradigm shift from pathogenesis to treatment","volume":"20","author":"Facheris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.03.1160","article-title":"Side-by-Side Comparison of Skin Biopsies and Skin Tape Stripping Highlights Abnormal Stratum Corneum in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"139","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700412","article-title":"An analysis of select pathogenic messages in lesional and non-lesional psoriatic skin using non-invasive tape harvesting","volume":"126","author":"Benson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16466","article-title":"Skin Tape Stripping Reveals Distinct Biomarker Profiles in Chronic Hand Eczema of Patients with and Without Comorbid Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"80","author":"Bar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.08.037","article-title":"Tape-strips provide a minimally invasive approach to track therapeutic response to topical corticosteroids in atopic dermatitis patients","volume":"9","author":"Olesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15845","article-title":"Intrapatient comparison of atopic dermatitis skin transcriptome shows differences between tape-strips and biopsies","volume":"79","author":"Del","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.05.048","article-title":"Tape strips detect distinct immune and barrier profiles in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis","volume":"147","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2022.12.024","article-title":"The Proteome of Hand Eczema Assessed by Tape Stripping","volume":"143","author":"Quaade","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, H., Olesen, C.M., Pavel, A.B., Clausen, M.-L., Wu, J., Estrada, Y., Zhang, N., Agner, T., and Guttman-Yassky, E. (2020). Tape-Strip Proteomic Profiling of Atopic Dermatitis on Dupilumab Identifies Minimally Invasive Biomarkers. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01768"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000764","article-title":"Transcriptomic Profiling of Tape-Strips From Moderate to Severe Atopic Dermatitis Patients Treated with Dupilumab","volume":"32","author":"Mikhaylov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e077207","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077207","article-title":"BIOSKIN: A Protocol for the Copenhagen Translational Skin Immunology Biobank and Research Programme","volume":"14","author":"Johansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv43362","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v106.43362","article-title":"Assessing Targeted Proteomics in Inflammatory Skin Diseases with the Tape-stripping Method","volume":"106","author":"Vinge","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70318","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70318","article-title":"Differentiation of Palmoplantar Psoriasis, Palmoplantar Pustulosis and Hyperkeratotic Palmoplantar Eczema Using Proteomic Analysis of Tape Strip Samples","volume":"35","author":"Johansen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2006.08.007","article-title":"Analysis of RNA recovery and gene expression in the epidermis using non-invasive tape stripping","volume":"44","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54559-6","article-title":"Immune modules to guide diagnosis and personalized treatment of inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"15","author":"Seremet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15153","article-title":"Assessment of biomarkers in pediatric atopic dermatitis by tape strips and skin biopsies","volume":"77","author":"Andersson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2007.07.003","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases as modulators of inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Manicone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19383-8","article-title":"Spatially and cell-type resolved quantitative proteomic atlas of healthy human skin","volume":"11","author":"Coscia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16086","article-title":"RNA-sequencing of paired tape-strips and skin biopsies in atopic dermatitis reveals key differences","volume":"79","author":"Fritz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.05.002","article-title":"Spatial Proteomic Profiling Reveals Increased Levels of Cholesterol Synthesis Proteins in Psoriasis Vulgaris","volume":"145","author":"Kromann","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78943-6","article-title":"Cytokine concentration across the stratum corneum in atopic dermatitis and healthy controls","volume":"10","author":"Clausen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-015-0208-5","article-title":"Proteogenomic analysis of psoriasis reveals discordant and concordant changes in mRNA and protein abundance","volume":"7","author":"Swindell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.09.038","article-title":"Noninvasive Tape-Stripping with High-Resolution RNA Profiling Effectively Captures a Preinflammatory State in Nonlesional Psoriatic Skin","volume":"142","author":"Tsoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13749","article-title":"Skin tape stripping identifies gene transcript signature associated with allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"84","author":"Tam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2026, September 20). QIAseq FastSelect RNA Lib Kit. Available online: https:\/\/resources.qiagenbioinformatics.com\/manuals\/rnaanalysisportal\/4100\/index.php?manual=QIAseq_FastSelect_RNA_Lib_Kit_ODT_T_RT_primer.html."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti525","article-title":"BioMart and Bioconductor: A powerful link between biological databases and microarray data analysis","volume":"21","author":"Durinck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Backman, T.W.H., and Girke, T. (2016). systemPipeR: NGS workflow and report generation environment. BMC Bioinform., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-016-1241-0"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Yan, L. (2026, September 20). ggvenn: Draw Venn Diagram by \u2018ggplot2\u2019. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=ggvenn."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, G.E., and Schadt, E.E. (2016). variancePartition: Interpreting drivers of variation in complex gene expression studies. BMC Bioinform., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-016-1323-z"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Krassowski, M. (2022). ComplexUpset, Zenodo. v1.3.5."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346248","article-title":"UpSet: Visualization of Intersecting Sets","volume":"20","author":"Lex","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4nzelmann, S., Castelo, R., and Guinney, J. (2013). GSVA: Gene set variation analysis for microarray and RNA-Seq data. BMC Bioinform., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-7"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr260","article-title":"Molecular signatures database (MSigDB) 3.0","volume":"27","author":"Liberzon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1214\/16-AOAS920","article-title":"Robust hyperparameter estimation protects against hypervariable genes and improves power to detect differential expression","volume":"10","author":"Phipson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Stat."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/19\/8544\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:26:30Z","timestamp":1790256390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/19\/8544"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27198544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27198544","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}