{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:07:18Z","timestamp":1792789638856,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Open Fund PD Large Collaborative Grant program (MOH-OFLCG24may-0004)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Open Fund PD Large Collaborative Grant program (MOH-OFLCG24may-0004)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Singapore Translational Research (STaR) Investigator Award (EK-T)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Singapore Translational Research (STaR) Investigator Award (EK-T)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Open Fund PD Large Collaborative Grant program (MOH-OFLCG24may-0004)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Open Fund PD Large Collaborative Grant program (MOH-OFLCG24may-0004)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04x3cxs03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Singapore Translational Research (STaR) Investigator Award (EK-T)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Singapore Translational Research (STaR) Investigator Award (EK-T)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04x3cxs03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre","award":["AM-ETHOS Duke-NUS Medical Student Fellowship Award (2025\/MSF\/000007)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AM-ETHOS Duke-NUS Medical Student Fellowship Award (2025\/MSF\/000007)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xcwps97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["AM-ETHOS Duke-NUS Medical Student Fellowship Award (2025\/MSF\/000007)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AM-ETHOS Duke-NUS Medical Student Fellowship Award (2025\/MSF\/000007)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xcwps97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiological evidence indicates that smoking is associated with reduced PD risk, potentially through oxidative stress-related pathways. PARK16 is a PD-susceptibility locus also implicated in oxidative stress regulation. This study examined gene\u2013environment interaction involving smoking and a PARK16 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). A case\u2013control study involving 999 Chinese subjects (497 cases, 502 controls) was conducted. PARK16 SNP rs6679073 (NC_000001.11:g.205787356C&gt;A) was identified in a genome-wide association study in an Asian population. Logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs), controlling for age, sex, family history, and comorbidities. Gene\u2013environment interactions were assessed using both additive (RERI, AP, and S) and multiplicative models. Smoking was not significantly associated with PD risk in the cohort (adjusted OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.54\u20131.12, and p = 0.179). rs6679073 was significantly associated with increased PD risk under the recessive model (AA vs. CC\/CA: adjusted OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.11\u20131.93, and p = 0.007). An additive interaction between rs6679073 and smoking was observed (RERI 0.85, 95% CI 0.21\u20131.50; AP 0.51, 95% CI 0.12\u20130.89). These findings suggest a biologically plausible interaction between PARK16 rs6679073 and cigarette smoking in modulating PD risk and warrants further investigation. Understanding gene\u2013environment interactions may inform the design of mechanistic studies and contribute to risk stratification in susceptible populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:29:53Z","timestamp":1790267393000},"page":"8556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interaction Between Cigarette Smoking and PARK16 on Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2563-0898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tze Tsung","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore 168581, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0400-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia Dong James","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore 168581, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebonne Yu-Lin","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore 168581, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7842-7034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiao-Yang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore 168581, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eng-King","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore 168581, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322338","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Etiopathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"91","author":"Jankovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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