{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T04:58:02Z","timestamp":1790485082524,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand science research and innovation","award":["5098\/2567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5098\/2567"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000025p04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["5098\/2567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5098\/2567"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000025p04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures and neuronal loss. Prolonged seizure activity is associated with changes in apoptosis-related proteins, including Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3, as well as alterations in microglial and astroglial responses. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of pinostrobin, a bioflavonoid, in a kainic acid (KA)-induced epilepsy model and examined its effects on apoptosis-related proteins. Pinostrobin (40 mg\/kg) was administered orally once daily for 7 days before and 14 days after intracerebroventricular injection of KA. KA injection resulted in neuronal cell loss, increased number of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive microglia, and reactive astrocytosis in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), cornu ammonis 3 (CA3), and hilar regions. These changes were accompanied by decreased levels of protein kinase B (Akt), phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt), and the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), together with increased levels of Bax and caspase-3. Pinostrobin treatment significantly attenuated neuronal cell loss, reduced the number of Iba1-positive microglia, and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in the CA1, CA3, and hilar regions. Moreover, pinostrobin increased Akt, p-Akt, and Bcl-2 levels while decreasing Bax and caspase-3 levels. Collectively, these findings suggest that pinostrobin has potential neuroprotective effects in the KA-induced epilepsy model and is associated with changes in apoptosis-related proteins and glial responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:23:01Z","timestamp":1790328181000},"page":"8579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuroprotective Effects of Pinostrobin in a Rat Model of Kainic Acid-Induced Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6854-3843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinatta","family":"Jittiwat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ratchaniporn","family":"Kongsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8523-2633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tichanon","family":"Promsrisuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Napatr","family":"Sriraksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0915-4677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sitthisak","family":"Thongrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32596-0","article-title":"Epilepsy in adults","volume":"393","author":"Thijs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2174\/157015911795596540","article-title":"Kainic Acid-induced neurotoxicity: Targeting glial responses and glia-derived cytokines","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. 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