{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:09:43Z","timestamp":1790334583494,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&D Project of Hainan Province","award":["ZDYF2025XDNY094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2025XDNY094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plants encounter various fungi during their life history, with some of them pathogenic, some beneficial, and some neither, forming complex plant\u2013fungi interactions. Endophytic fungi are a type of fungi that live inside the plant, and are often beneficial to the host. In this study, the endophytic fungi of green foxtail (Setaria viridis) were explored for their defensive role against the pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which causes rice blast, one of the most devastating crop diseases. The endophytic fungi were isolated, taxonomically identified, fermented, and chemically extracted. The fungal extracts were screened for their inhibition against M. oryzae using mycelial growth rate assay, of these, Chaetomium novozelandicum SV7 displayed the most inhibition. A scale-up fermentation of this fungus, followed by extraction and chromatographic purification, led to the isolation and identification of eleven orsellinate-types of metabolites (1\u201311), including four new compounds (1, 2, 6, 8), named chaetorsellide A-D. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by means of NMR, HRMS, and quantum chemical calculations. All these metabolites were reported from C. novozelandicum for the first time, with five of them being orsellinic acid ester glycosides (1\u20135). Plant infection assay was carried out for the isolated compounds, among which compounds 8 and 3 displayed significant activities, with 8 being the most potent. These results not only reveal that these compounds have potential to be developed as natural fungicides against the rice blast pathogen, but also add one more example for exploring new antimicrobial substances from plant\u2013microbe interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:34:10Z","timestamp":1790332450000},"page":"8582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Green Foxtail-Derived Endophytic Fungus Chaetomium novozelandicum SV7 Produced Orsellinic Acid Ester Glycosides Active Against Rice Blast Pathogen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5203-8767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, MARA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yonglin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, MARA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jinlan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, MARA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yanxue","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, MARA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, MARA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, MARA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, MARA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6085-9245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, MARA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ligang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, MARA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7984-5855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daowan","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, MARA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13386","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504423102","article-title":"The endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica reprograms barley to salt-stress tolerance, disease resistance, and higher yield","volume":"102","author":"Waller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3270-y","article-title":"Fungal endophytes: Unique plant inhabitants with great promises","volume":"90","author":"Aly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285","article-title":"Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01\/1981 to 09\/2019","volume":"83","author":"Newman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2024.114103","article-title":"Rosellichalasins A\u2013H, cytotoxic cytochalasans from the endophytic fungus Rosellinia sp. Glinf021","volume":"222","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.3c00295","article-title":"Diphenyl ether derivative rhexocerins and rhexocercosporins from the endophytic fungus Rhexocercosporidium sp. Dzf14 active against gram-positive bacteria with multidrug-resistance","volume":"86","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.110.075309","article-title":"Setaria viridis: A model for C4 photosynthesis","volume":"22","author":"Brutnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70655","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70655","article-title":"Setaria viridis ethanol extract attenuates muscle loss and body fat reduction in sarcopenic obesity by regulating AMPK in high-fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"13","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x","article-title":"The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology","volume":"13","author":"Dean","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"5347","article-title":"Identification and cross-infectivity analysis of Pyricularia oryzae from rice and green bristlegrass","volume":"20","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Breed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.200500793","article-title":"Orsellides A-E: An example for 6-deoxyhexose derivatives produced by fungi","volume":"2006","author":"Schloerke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1021\/np058014b","article-title":"Globosumones A-C, cytotoxic orsellinic acid esters from the sonoran desert endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum","volume":"68","author":"Bashyal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.201300329","article-title":"New orsellinic acid esters from the fungus Chaetomium globosporum","volume":"97","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.1c00783","article-title":"Aureonitol analogues and orsellinic acid esters isolated from Chaetomium elatum and their antineuroinflammatory activity","volume":"84","author":"Ju","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Rauter, A.P., Palma, F.B., Justino, J., Ara\u00fajo, M.E., and dos Santos, S.P. (2002). The chemistry and allelopathic effects of phenolic compounds from the lichen Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. Natural Products in the New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application, Springer."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"34","article-title":"Convenient synthesis of ophiocerin C","volume":"5","author":"Borkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2006.08.023","article-title":"Chlorodifluoromethyl-substituted monosaccharide derivatives-radical activation of the carbon-chlorine-bond","volume":"341","author":"Wegert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9483","DOI":"10.1021\/ja970112z","article-title":"Computed 13C NMR chemical shifts via empirically scaled GIAO shieldings and molecular mechanics geometries. conformation and configuration from 13C Shifts","volume":"119","author":"Forsyth","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b00603","article-title":"Efficient Protocol for Accurately Calculating 13C Chemical Shifts of Conformationally Flexible Natural Products: Scope, Assessment, and Limitations","volume":"82","author":"Hehre","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/prac.19973390126","article-title":"Determination of the absolute configuration of chiral 1,3-diols by CD spectroscopy of their [Mo2(OAc)4] complexes","volume":"339","author":"Frelek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Prakt. Chem. Chem. Ztg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-025-04313-x","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9-assisted gene editing reveals that EgPKS, a polyketide synthase, is required for the biosynthesis of preussomerins in Edenia gomezpompae SV2","volume":"41","author":"Zhai","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2021.1901288","article-title":"Usneaceratins A and B, two new secondary metabolites from the lichen Usnea ceratina","volume":"36","author":"Bui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2006.05.007","article-title":"Secondary metabolites from the Chinese lichen Sticta nylanderiana A.Z","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7985","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15117985","article-title":"Monocyclic Phenolic acids; hydroxy- and polyhydroxybenzoic acids: Occurrence and recent bioactivity studies","volume":"15","author":"Khadem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822003000300002","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of orsellinates","volume":"34","author":"Gomes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02649-0","article-title":"The effect of lichen secondary metabolites on Aspergillus fungi","volume":"204","author":"Furmanek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ye, W., Zhang, C., Cheng, J., Yan, W., Li, K., Wang, Y., and Duan, K. (2025). Application of 3,5-dimethyl moss acid as plant immune resistance inducer in improvement of plant disease resistance. (CN120226664B), China Patent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.56.1551","article-title":"Radical-scavenging activity of orsellinates","volume":"56","author":"Lopes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8701","article-title":"Isoflavones extracted from Millettia pachyloba prevent the infection of the rice blast fungus by inhibiting its conidial germination and appressorium formation","volume":"81","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pest. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Guo, H., Xu, X., Gao, W., Lai, D., Qi, L., He, J., Lin, Q., Zhu, X., and Wang, Q. (2026). Hydnocarpic acid and chaulmoogric acid, the principal antifungal compounds in Hydnocarpus hainanensis seed extract, inhibit fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation and suppress infection of Magnaporthe oryzae. Pest Manag. Sci.","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71176"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.8b04101","article-title":"Ustilobisorbicillinol A, a cytotoxic sorbyl-containing aromatic polyketide from Ustilaginoidea virens","volume":"21","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.22138","article-title":"SpecDis: Quantifying the comparison of calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism spectra","volume":"25","author":"Bruhn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.23638","article-title":"1H and 13C NMR scaling factors for the calculation of chemical shifts in commonly used solvents using density functional theory","volume":"35","author":"Pierens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/19\/8582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:34:47Z","timestamp":1790332487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/19\/8582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27198582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27198582","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}