{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:03:47Z","timestamp":1790762627756,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cognitive aging involves chronic neuroinflammation, microglial dysregulation, vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and impaired neuroplasticity, and physical activity is one of the few modifiable interventions known to influence all of these processes simultaneously. The molecular mechanisms linking peripheral exercise adaptations to the aging brain, however, remain incompletely defined. This review examines exercise-responsive, EV-associated miRNAs as candidate mediators of this communication across four mechanistic domains: inflammatory signaling (miR-146a, miR-155, miR-223), microglial regulation (miR-124), neurotrophic and synaptic signaling (miR-132, miR-206), and vascular\/blood\u2013brain barrier function (miR-126). For each candidate, we distinguish evidence obtained by direct demonstration of an exercise-responsive, EV-associated change from evidence obtained by triangulating separate, non-vesicular, or non-exercise studies\u2014a distinction largely absent from the existing literature. We also evaluate EV-miRNAs as candidate biomarkers of individual exercise responsiveness, separating analytical validity and biological association, for which evidence exists, from predictive validity and clinical utility, for which it does not. Standardized EV characterization, longitudinal exercise interventions, and integration with neuroinflammatory, neurovascular, and cognitive outcomes are needed before these candidates can be considered validated biomarkers of brain health in aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:50:54Z","timestamp":1790614254000},"page":"8677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exercise-Induced Extracellular Vesicle-Associated miRNAs in Cognitive Aging of Older Adults: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2430-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Ma\u0142kowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Sochacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 70-240 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0326-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Proia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Sawczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 70-240 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0068-2","article-title":"Maintenance, Reserve and Compensation: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Healthy Ageing","volume":"19","author":"Cabeza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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