{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:07:19Z","timestamp":1792789639189,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gazi University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["01\/2020-43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/2020-43"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/054xkpr46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["01\/2020-43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/2020-43"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/054xkpr46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study aimed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of Ficus carica leaf extract on oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic processes contributing to ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury in bilateral testes following testicular torsion\u2013detorsion. Forty-eight male Wistar Albino rats were assigned into six groups (n= 8): Intact, Sham, Torsion\/Detorsion (T\/D), T\/D + 125, T\/D + 250, and T\/D + 500. Sixty minutes of left testicular torsion was followed by 56-day reperfusion in all T\/D, T\/D + 125, T\/D + 250, and T\/D + 500 groups, and rats in these groups were daily administered with vehicle, 125 mg\/kg, 250 mg\/kg, and 500 mg\/kg F. carica leaf extract, respectively. Sperm, serum, and bilateral testes tissue samples were examined. Sperm count of the contralateral epididymis and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level in the T\/D + 250 group were higher than in the T\/D and T\/D + 125 groups. FSH level in the T\/D + 500 group was higher compared to the T\/D, T\/D + 125, and T\/D + 250 groups. Total Oxidant Status (TOS) level in the ipsilateral testis of the T\/D + 500 group was lower than that of the T\/D, T\/D + 125, and T\/D + 250 groups. The Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) value in the ipsilateral testis was lower in the T\/D + 500 group compared to the T\/D, T\/D + 125, and T\/D + 250 groups. Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) level in the contralateral testis of the T\/D + 125, T\/D + 250, and T\/D + 500 groups was elevated compared to the T\/D group. TOS level of the contralateral testis in the T\/D + 500 group was lower than that in the T\/D and T\/D + 125 groups. OSI value of the contralateral testis was lower in the T\/D + 125, T\/D + 250, and T\/D + 500 groups than that in the T\/D group. TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10 immunostaining intensities were improved in bilateral testes of the treatment groups compared to the T\/D group. Johnsen\u2019s score of the ipsilateral testis in the T\/D + 250 and T\/D + 500 groups was greater compared to the T\/D group. BAX and CASP3 immunostaining intensities were lower in the bilateral testes of the treatment groups than in the T\/D group. BCL-2 immunostaining intensity in bilateral testes of the T\/D + 250 and T\/D + 500 groups was higher than in the T\/D group. By exerting antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects, F. carica leaf extract emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate in testicular ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury. Further studies may help clarify the optimal dosage, potential adverse effects, and fertility outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:50:54Z","timestamp":1790614254000},"page":"8678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Ficus carica L. Leaf Extract on Ipsilateral and Contralateral Testes After Testicular Torsion\/Detorsion Injury: Evaluation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zeynep","family":"Y\u0131\u011fman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (N\u00d6ROM), Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4358-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saadet \u00d6zen","family":"Akarca Dizakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay University, 35665 \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metin","family":"Y\u0131\u011fman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Ministry of Health Etlik City Hospital, 06170 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00fcr\u015fide Ay\u015fe","family":"Demirel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4201-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130pek","family":"S\u00fcntar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9056-0025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Do\u011fan","family":"Dursun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Laboratory Animal Breeding and Experimental Research (ATUDEM), Atilim University, 06830 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Vocational School of Health Services, Atilim University, 06830 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Home Care Services, Medicana International Ankara Hospital, 06510 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayhan \u0130brahim","family":"Aysal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8344-814X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015fe","family":"K\u00f6yl\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University 34475 \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suna","family":"\u00d6mero\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.190037","article-title":"The Impact of Testicular Torsion on Testicular Function","volume":"38","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. 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