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J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers complex secondary injury cascades that limit neurological recovery. Tamoxifen (TAM), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, exerts neuroprotective effects in experimental SCI, although its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Given the emerging role of gut microbiota dysregulation in SCI, we investigated whether TAM-associated recovery is accompanied by alterations in gut microbial composition and predicted function. We conducted a longitudinal, sex-inclusive analysis of 61 Sprague\u2013Dawley rats of both sexes assigned to na\u00efve (NA\u00cfVE), sham-placebo (SHAM PLB), sham-TAM (SHAM TAM), injured-placebo (INJ PLB), or injured-TAM (INJ TAM) groups. Injured animals received a moderate T10 contusion followed by a 21-day TAM (0.71 mg\/day) or placebo pellet, and fecal samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-injury. Fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that TAM induced sustained shifts in microbial community composition, with treatment-associated divergence emerging at 14 days post-injury (DPI) in females and 21 DPI in males. Bifidobacterium exhibited the most consistent TAM-associated enrichment across sexes. Bifidobacterium abundance was negatively associated with recovery in INJ PLB animals and positively associated with INJ TAM animals; because behavioral and microbiome measurements were not made in the same animals, these associations are hypothesis-generating only. PICRUSt2 analysis revealed TAM-associated changes in predicted microbial function, including increased glycogen degradation pathways from 14 DPI onward in both sexes. Together, these findings identify sustained TAM-associated taxonomic and predicted functional remodeling of the gut microbiota following SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:19:08Z","timestamp":1790702348000},"page":"8729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tamoxifen Promotes Sustained Bifidobacterium Enrichment in the Gut Microbiota of Male and Female Rats After Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7939-6812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis H.","family":"Pag\u00e1n-Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6580-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel E.","family":"Ocasio-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Maria E.","family":"Santiago-Gascot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0615-5033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Carolina Campus, Carolina, PR 00984, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4377-478X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, PR 00956, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3365-1753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aranza","family":"Torrado-Tapias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Col\u00f3n-Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1066-4537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Garc\u00eda-Guay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00926, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jorge D.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, 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