{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:04:07Z","timestamp":1790762647224,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis develops within heterogeneous arterial plaques. Here, even closely neighbouring regions can differ substantially in biological activity and potential vulnerability to rupture and thrombosis. Through matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and especially MALDI imaging, these differences within the plaque can be studied while also preserving tissue architecture. With MALDI analysis, prepared tissue sections are converted into spatial molecular maps that show the differences in plaque chemistry across the arterial wall. These maps can be used to link changes in lipids and other biomolecules to regions affected by inflammation, necrosis, calcification and thrombosis. This narrative review, supported by a structured search of PubMed and PubMed Central from database inception to 14 September 2026, critically examines MALDI-based research in atherosclerosis across a translational continuum. The evidence base centres on spatial MALDI-MSI of plaque tissue, with non-imaging MALDI and orthogonal non-MALDI studies used as complementary context. Particular attention is given to the strength of evidence supporting proposed molecular signatures and to the distinction between exploratory findings and clinically validated applications. Integration of MALDI with histology, clinical imaging and emerging spatial-omics approaches could strengthen the biological interpretation of plaque-specific molecular signatures. However, methodological heterogeneity, incomplete molecular identification, small study populations and limited independent and prospective validation currently restrict translation into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:25:42Z","timestamp":1790760342000},"page":"8745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Mapping of Atherosclerotic Plaques with MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Dawid","family":"Leksa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rzesz\u00f3w Center for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5557-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Bartusik-Aebisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4115-7779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Roshan","family":"Justin Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"English Division Science Club, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0658-5471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"My\u015bliwiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9783-6258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Pietryszyn-Bili\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Mo\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Ole\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kawczyk-Krupka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Aebisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jebari-Benslaiman, S., Galicia-Garc\u00eda, U., Larrea-Sebal, A., Olaetxea, J.R., Alloza, I., Vandenbroeck, K., Benito-Vicente, A., and Mart\u00edn, C. (2022). Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063346"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2525","article-title":"Inflammation during the life cycle of the atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"117","author":"Libby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Nubila, A., Dilella, G., Simone, R., and Barbieri, S.S. (2024). Vascular Extracellular Matrix in Atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212017"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2024.118555","article-title":"Lipids associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability revealed by mass spectrometry imaging of human carotid arteries","volume":"397","author":"Greco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.122.318684","article-title":"Spatially Resolved Metabolites in Stable and Unstable Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Identified by Mass Spectrometry Imaging","volume":"43","author":"Seeley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12953-024-00231-2","article-title":"Spatial proteomics: Unveiling the multidimensional landscape of protein localization in human diseases","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proteome Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3185","article-title":"Insights into the regulation of protein abundance from proteomic and transcriptomic analyses","volume":"13","author":"Vogel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04733","article-title":"Mass Spectrometry Imaging: A Review of Emerging Advancements and Future Insights","volume":"90","author":"Buchberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11125040","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization imaging mass spectrometry","volume":"11","author":"Zaima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s44303-024-00025-3","article-title":"Mass spectrometry imaging for spatially resolved multi-omics molecular mapping","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Imaging"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greco, F., Quercioli, L., Pucci, A., Rocchiccioli, S., Ferrari, M., Recchia, F.A., and McDonnell, L.A. (2021). Mass Spectrometry Imaging as a Tool to Investigate Region Specific Lipid Alterations in Symptomatic Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11040250"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201500490","article-title":"Three-dimensional imaging MS of lipids in atherosclerotic plaques: Open-source methods for reconstruction and analysis","volume":"16","author":"Patterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1586\/14789450.2016.1116944","article-title":"Molecular histology of arteries: Mass spectrometry imaging as a novel ex vivo tool to investigate atherosclerosis","volume":"13","author":"McDonnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-01780-8","article-title":"Trends in mass spectrometry imaging for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"411","author":"Mezger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2025.119130","article-title":"Advancing atherosclerosis research: The Power of lipid imaging with MALDI-MSI","volume":"403","author":"Bookmeyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2025.344723","article-title":"Multimodal landscape of atherosclerotic plaques: A spatial omics approach with mass spectrometry imaging","volume":"1379","author":"Joshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00047.2009","article-title":"Effects of disturbed flow on vascular endothelium: Pathophysiological basis and clinical perspectives","volume":"91","author":"Chiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301","article-title":"Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and the Pathobiology of Atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Gimbrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199408000-00002","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and arterial influx of lipoproteins","volume":"5","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.5.551","article-title":"The response-to-retention hypothesis of early atherogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676890","article-title":"Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: Update and therapeutic implications","volume":"116","author":"Tabas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2733","article-title":"Oxidized LDL: Diversity, Patterns of Recognition, and Pathophysiology","volume":"13","author":"Levitan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.10.007","article-title":"Monocyte recruitment and foam cell formation in atherosclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Bobryshev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.04.005","article-title":"Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis","volume":"145","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01323","article-title":"Inflammation in atherosclerosis","volume":"420","author":"Libby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2001","article-title":"The immune system in atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Hansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04957.x","article-title":"Macrophage Apoptosis in Advanced Atherosclerosis","volume":"1173","author":"Tabas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.167197","article-title":"Mertk Receptor Mutation Reduces Efferocytosis Efficiency and Promotes Apoptotic Cell Accumulation and Plaque Necrosis in Atherosclerotic Lesions of Apoe\u2212\/\u2212 Mice","volume":"28","author":"Thorp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025684","article-title":"The Role of Efferocytosis in Atherosclerosis","volume":"135","author":"Kojima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"389","article-title":"Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: Mediators and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Yurdagul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0209115","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of efferocytosis in advanced atherosclerosis","volume":"86","author":"Thorp","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yurdagul, A., Doran, A.C., Cai, B., Fredman, G., and Tabas, I.A. (2018). Mechanisms and Consequences of Defective Efferocytosis in Atherosclerosis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2017.00086"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08938","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals","volume":"464","author":"Duewell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajam\u00e4ki, K., Lappalainen, J., \u00d6\u00f6rni, K., V\u00e4lim\u00e4ki, E., Matikainen, S., Kovanen, P.T., and Eklund, K.K. (2010). Cholesterol Crystals Activate the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Human Macrophages: A Novel Link between Cholesterol Metabolism and Inflammation. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011765"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302721","article-title":"Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture","volume":"114","author":"Bentzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1924-7_1","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis and Key Cellular Processes, Current and Emerging Therapies, Key Challenges, and Future Research Directions","volume":"Volume 2419","author":"Ramji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis: Methods and Protocols"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.04.028","article-title":"Plaque angiogenesis and intraplaque hemorrhage in atherosclerosis","volume":"816","author":"Parma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr054","article-title":"Intraplaque haemorrhages as the trigger of plaque vulnerability","volume":"32","author":"Michel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000105","article-title":"Small entities with large impact: Microcalcifications and atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability","volume":"25","author":"Hutcheson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12296","article-title":"Thrombosis formation on atherosclerotic lesions and plaque rupture","volume":"276","author":"Badimon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000440","article-title":"Mechanisms of erosion of atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"28","author":"Quillard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs411","article-title":"Update on acute coronary syndromes: The pathologists\u2019 view","volume":"34","author":"Falk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad720","article-title":"Platelet biology and function: Plaque erosion vs. rupture","volume":"45","author":"Baaten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5B","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(95)80003-B","article-title":"Role of thrombosis in atherosclerosis and its complications","volume":"75","author":"Falk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1656(95)00009-F","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry: A novel analytical tool in molecular biology and biotechnology","volume":"41","author":"Kaufmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-0868","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS): Basics and clinical applications","volume":"58","author":"Israr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S0072","DOI":"10.5702\/massspectrometry.S0072","article-title":"Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Mechanistic Studies and Methods for Improving the Structural Identification of Carbohydrates","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfq079","article-title":"Mass microscopy: High-resolution imaging mass spectrometry","volume":"60","author":"Setou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electron Microsc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.R800016-MCP200","article-title":"MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: State of the art technology in clinical proteomics","volume":"8","author":"Franck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2014.03.021","article-title":"MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: Spatial molecular analysis to enable a new age of discovery","volume":"107","author":"Gessel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.03.052","article-title":"Label-free molecular imaging of the kidney","volume":"92","author":"Prentice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-021-02643-x","article-title":"Comparative lipid profiling of murine and human atherosclerotic plaques using high-resolution MALDI MSI","volume":"474","author":"Gerbig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-02296-x","article-title":"Sample preparation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections for MALDI-mass spectrometry imaging","volume":"412","author":"Hermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2014.06.013","article-title":"30 \u03bcm spatial resolution protein MALDI MSI: In-depth comparison of five sample preparation protocols applied to human healthy and atherosclerotic arteries","volume":"108","author":"Balluff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"213","article-title":"Analysis of human serum lipoprotein lipid composition using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry","volume":"37","author":"Hidaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2015.05.005","article-title":"Quantitative lipidomic analysis of plasma and plasma lipoproteins using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry","volume":"189","author":"Serna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200402045","article-title":"Proteomic dataset of mouse aortic smooth muscle cells","volume":"5","author":"Mayr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.4384","article-title":"A recommended and verified procedure for in situ tryptic digestion of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues for analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization imaging mass spectrometry","volume":"54","author":"Judd","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leopold, J., Popkova, Y., Engel, K.M., and Schiller, J. (2018). Recent Developments of Useful MALDI Matrices for the Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Lipids. Biomolecules, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8040173"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"225","article-title":"MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of N-glycans and Tryptic Peptides from the Same Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Section","volume":"Volume 1788","author":"Sarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Proteomics: Methods and Protocols"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2015.06.005","article-title":"Lipid and protein maps defining arterial layers in atherosclerotic aorta","volume":"4","author":"Balluff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-0858","article-title":"Cellular resolution in clinical MALDI mass spectrometry imaging: The latest advancements and current challenges","volume":"58","author":"Balluff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Th\u00e9ron, L., Centeno, D., Coudy-Gandilhon, C., Pujos-Guillot, E., Astruc, T., R\u00e9mond, D., Barthelemy, J.-C., Roche, F., Feasson, L., and H\u00e9braud, M. (2016). A Proof of Concept to Bridge the Gap between Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Protein Identification and Relative Quantitation: MSI~LC-MS\/MS-LF. Proteomes, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes4040032"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-217X-2-13","article-title":"The role of reporting standards for metabolite annotation and identification in metabolomic studies","volume":"2","author":"Salek","year":"2013","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsacl.2021.12.006","article-title":"An overview of image registration for aligning mass spectrometry imaging with clinically relevant imaging modalities","volume":"23","author":"Balluff","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom. Adv. Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4071","article-title":"Atmospheric pressure MALDI mass spectrometry imaging of tissues and cells at 1.4-\u03bcm lateral resolution","volume":"14","author":"Kompauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10840","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b02495","article-title":"Enhanced Sensitivity Using MALDI Imaging Coupled with Laser Postionization (MALDI-2) for Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"91","author":"Paine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c04220","article-title":"MALDI-IHC-Guided In-Depth Spatial Proteomics: Targeted and Untargeted MSI Combined","volume":"95","author":"Claes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-020-01541-5","article-title":"Experimental and Data Analysis Considerations for Three-Dimensional Mass Spectrometry Imaging in Biomedical Research","volume":"23","author":"Vos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100020","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.RA120000974","article-title":"Lipid signature of advanced human carotid atherosclerosis assessed by mass spectrometry imaging","volume":"62","author":"Moerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.0c00070","article-title":"Atheroma-Specific Lipids in ldlr\u2212\/\u2212 and apoe\u2212\/\u2212 Mice Using 2D and 3D Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging","volume":"31","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2024.100504","article-title":"Spatial lipidomics of coronary atherosclerotic plaque development in a familial hypercholesterolemia swine model","volume":"65","author":"Slijkhuis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.126954","article-title":"Spatial lipidomic profiles of atherosclerotic plaques: A mass spectrometry imaging study","volume":"282","author":"Ntshangase","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2009.10.002","article-title":"Macrophage cholesteryl ester mobilization and atherosclerosis","volume":"52","author":"Ghosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312434","article-title":"Smooth Muscle Cells Contribute the Majority of Foam Cells in ApoE (Apolipoprotein E)-Deficient Mouse Atherosclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101993","article-title":"Immunometabolism and immune response regulate macrophage function in atherosclerosis","volume":"90","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theodorou, K., and Boon, R.A. (2018). Endothelial Cell Metabolism in Atherosclerosis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2018.00082"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03162-w","article-title":"PDK4 promotes vascular calcification by interfering with autophagic activity and metabolic reprogramming","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H.Y., Kim, M.J., Lee, S., Jin, J., Lee, S., Kim, J.G., Choi, Y.K., and Park, K.G. (2021). Inhibitory Effect of a Glutamine Antagonist on Proliferation and Migration of VSMCs via Simultaneous Attenuation of Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115602"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-012-0237-0","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and risk of atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Hulsmans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360438","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/360438","article-title":"Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal","volume":"2014","author":"Ayala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00936","article-title":"Proteomic Profile of Unstable Atheroma Plaque: Increased Neutrophil Defensin 1, Clusterin, and Apolipoprotein E Levels in Carotid Secretome","volume":"15","author":"Auguet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10276","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.556506","article-title":"Site-specific Nitration of Apolipoprotein A-I at Tyrosine 166 Is Both Abundant within Human Atherosclerotic Plaque and Dysfunctional","volume":"289","author":"DiDonato","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317295","article-title":"Parallel Murine and Human Plaque Proteomics Reveals Pathways of Plaque Rupture","volume":"127","author":"Vaisar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(85)90164-9","article-title":"Immunoglobulins and complement components in human aortic atherosclerotic intima","volume":"55","author":"Vlaicu","year":"1985","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(94)90246-1","article-title":"Fibrin deposition and fibrin degradation products in atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"75","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000263","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000263","article-title":"Heterogenic Endothelial Responses to Inflammation: Role for Differential N-Glycosylation and Vascular Bed of Origin","volume":"2","author":"Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018756","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018756","article-title":"Neuraminidases 1 and 3 Trigger Atherosclerosis by Desialylating Low-Density Lipoproteins and Increasing Their Uptake by Macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Demina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/7.1.57","article-title":"Accumulation of glycosphingolipids in human atherosclerotic plaque and unaffected aorta tissues","volume":"7","author":"Chatterjee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2203339","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203339","article-title":"Emerging Computational Methods in Mass Spectrometry Imaging","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1021\/pr900253y","article-title":"Toward Digital Staining using Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Random Forests","volume":"8","author":"Hanselmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-019-02254-y","article-title":"Data Processing Pipeline for Lipid Profiling of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque with Mass Spectrometry Imaging","volume":"30","author":"Visscher","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.06.005","article-title":"Molecular anatomy of ascending aorta in atherosclerosis by MS Imaging: Specific lipid and protein patterns reflect pathology","volume":"126","author":"Balluff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.07.001","article-title":"A proteomic approach to differentiate histologically classified stable and unstable plaques from human carotid arteries","volume":"203","author":"Lepedda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429541","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3429541","article-title":"Plasma Proteome Profiling of Coronary Artery Disease Patients: Downregulation of Transthyretin\u2014An Important Event","volume":"2020","author":"Monu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1039\/C7MB00229G","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of prognostic plasma biomarkers in peripheral arterial occlusive disease","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. BioSyst."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)34196-1","article-title":"Lipid analysis of human HDL and LDL by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 31P-NMR","volume":"42","author":"Schiller","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.3113","article-title":"An effective and rapid determination by MALDI\/TOF\/TOF of methionine sulphoxide content of ApoA-I in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"48","author":"Seraglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasprzyk-Pochopie\u0144, J., Kami\u0144ska, A., Mielczarek, P., Porada, R., St\u0119pie\u0144, E., and Piekoszewski, W. (2025). The Proteomic Analysis of Platelet Extracellular Vesicles in Diabetic Patients by nanoLC-MALDI-MS\/MS and nanoLC-TIMS-MS\/MS. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30061384"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12298-0_3","article-title":"MS-Based Proteomic Analysis of Serum and Plasma: Problem of High Abundant Components and Lights and Shadows of Albumin Removal","volume":"Volume 1073","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerging Sample Treatments in Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.200700217","article-title":"Body fluid proteomics: Prospects for biomarker discovery","volume":"1","author":"Ahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2011.06.028","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of plasma samples from patients with acute myocardial infarction identifies haptoglobin as a potential prognostic biomarker","volume":"75","author":"Haas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2012.11.019","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes","volume":"416","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.8b00941","article-title":"Mass Spectrometric Imaging Reveals Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Bioactive Lipids in Arteries Undergoing Restenosis","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-015-0730-y","article-title":"Imaging of atherosclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Takx","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-57075-6","article-title":"Mass Spectrometry Imaging of atherosclerosis-affine Gadofluorine following Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"10","author":"Buchholz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.12.007","article-title":"Omics Approaches Unveiling the Biology of Human Atherosclerotic Plaques","volume":"194","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01009-x","article-title":"Uncovering atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by PET imaging","volume":"21","author":"Maier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.08.001","article-title":"Identification and visualization of oxidized lipids in atherosclerotic plaques by microscopic imaging mass spectrometry-based metabolomics","volume":"311","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26231","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26231","article-title":"Distinctive proteomic profiles among different regions of human carotid plaques in men and women","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04641-4","article-title":"Quantitative proteomic landscape of unstable atherosclerosis identifies molecular signatures and therapeutic targets for plaque stabilization","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2101570","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101570","article-title":"An Implantable Artificial Atherosclerotic Plaque as a Novel Approach for Drug Transport Studies on Drug-Eluting Stents","volume":"11","author":"Razzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.06.008","article-title":"Precision pharmacology: Mass spectrometry imaging and pharmacokinetic drug resistance","volume":"141","author":"Jove","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2023.11.003","article-title":"Spatial pharmacology using mass spectrometry imaging","volume":"45","author":"Rajbhandari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.7039","article-title":"In vivo isotopically labeled atherosclerotic aorta plaques in ApoE KO mice and molecular profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization mass spectrometric imaging","volume":"28","author":"Hatcher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.06.035","article-title":"Injectable liposomal docosahexaenoic acid alleviates atherosclerosis progression and enhances plaque stability","volume":"360","author":"Chong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.11.232","article-title":"MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: Bridging biology and chemistry in drug development","volume":"3","author":"Castellino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1021\/bc500517k","article-title":"HDL-Mimetic PLGA Nanoparticle To Target Atherosclerosis Plaque Macrophages","volume":"26","author":"Fay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5280","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b01114","article-title":"Targeted Interleukin-10 Nanotherapeutics Developed with a Microfluidic Chip Enhance Resolution of Inflammation in Advanced Atherosclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Kamaly","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay1063","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay1063","article-title":"siRNA nanoparticles targeting CaMKII\u03b3 in lesional macrophages improve atherosclerotic plaque stability in mice","volume":"12","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.2046","article-title":"Molecular imaging of drug-eluting coronary stents: Method development, optimization and selected applications","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.2.133","article-title":"Drug eluting stents: Are human and animal studies comparable?","volume":"89","author":"Virmani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-022-00171-0","article-title":"Transcriptomic-based clustering of human atherosclerotic plaques identifies subgroups with different underlying biology and clinical presentation","volume":"1","author":"Mokry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.04.008","article-title":"Spatial Transcriptional Mapping Reveals Site-Specific Pathways Underlying Human Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture","volume":"81","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316770","article-title":"Microanatomy of the Human Atherosclerotic Plaque by Single-Cell Transcriptomics","volume":"127","author":"Depuydt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-009-9162-6","article-title":"Imaging mass spectrometry for visualization of drug and endogenous metabolite distribution: Toward in situ pharmacometabolomes","volume":"5","author":"Sugiura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00443","article-title":"Considerations for MALDI-Based Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Imaging Studies","volume":"19","author":"Tobias","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18719","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c02724","article-title":"Toward Omics-Scale Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Lipids in Brain Tissue Using a Multiclass Internal Standard Mixture","volume":"95","author":"Vandenbosch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmeasuresciau.6c00083","article-title":"Quantitative MALDI-MSI Workflow for Lipids with a LC-MS-Based Quality Control Pipeline","volume":"6","author":"Hormann","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Meas. Sci. Au"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4932","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c05399","article-title":"Visualizing Cholesterol in the Brain by On-Tissue Derivatization and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Imaging","volume":"93","author":"Angelini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebbini, M., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Lu, K.H., Huang, P., Kaminsky, C.J., Puglielli, L., and Li, L. (2025). On-Tissue Chemical Derivatization for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Fatty Acids with Enhanced Detection Sensitivity. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030366"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15971","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c02694","article-title":"Molecular Networking and On-Tissue Chemical Derivatization for Enhanced Identification and Visualization of Steroid Glycosides by MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging","volume":"94","author":"Dreisbach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.4c00241","article-title":"MALDI-2-Enabled Oversampling for the Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Metabolites at Single-Cell Resolution","volume":"35","author":"McKinnon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113380","article-title":"Integrative single-cell meta-analysis reveals disease-relevant vascular cell states and markers in human atherosclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Mosquera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9557","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20209557","article-title":"Animal models of human atherosclerosis: Current progress","volume":"53","author":"Poznyak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.887497","article-title":"Composition of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Is Associated with Cardiovascular Outcome: A Prognostic Study","volume":"121","author":"Hellings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.07.112","article-title":"Atherosclerotic plaque characteristics are not associated with future cardiovascular events in patients undergoing iliofemoral endarterectomy","volume":"67","author":"Haitjema","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800029","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201800029","article-title":"Site-to-Site Reproducibility and Spatial Resolution in MALDI-MSI of Peptides from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Samples","volume":"13","author":"Ly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"giy102","article-title":"Balancing sufficiency and impact in reporting standards for mass spectrometry imaging experiments","volume":"7","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4904","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.4904","article-title":"SMART: A data reporting standard for mass spectrometry imaging","volume":"58","author":"Xi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuck, M., Gr\u00e9lard, F., Blanc, L., and Desbenoit, N. (2022). MALDI-MSI Towards Multimodal Imaging: Challenges and Perspectives. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.904688"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26735-1","article-title":"One section, two worlds: Single-cell integration of MALDI-MSI and spatial transcriptomics on the same single tissue section","volume":"15","author":"Hendriks","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2013.03.013","article-title":"MRI-compatible pipeline for three-dimensional MALDI imaging mass spectrometry using PAXgene fixation","volume":"90","author":"Oetjen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5016","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.5016","article-title":"Imaging with mass spectrometry: Which ionization technique is best?","volume":"59","author":"Prentice","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9927","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.9927","article-title":"MALDI versus DESI mass spectrometry imaging of lipids in atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"39","author":"Slijkhuis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.01.026","article-title":"Spatial Distributions of Lipids in Atherosclerosis of Human Coronary Arteries Studied by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry","volume":"185","author":"Lehti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3738-8_19","article-title":"Imaging Mass Cytometry for In Situ Immune Profiling","volume":"Volume 2779","author":"Hawley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Flow Cytometry Protocols"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, H.J., Wang, Y., Buzdin, A., and Li, X. (2025). A practical guide for choosing an optimal spatial transcriptomics technology from seven major commercially available options. BMC Genom., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-025-11235-3"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaa6090","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6090","article-title":"RNA imaging. Spatially resolved, highly multiplexed RNA profiling in single cells","volume":"348","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/19\/8745\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:32:43Z","timestamp":1790760763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/19\/8745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27198745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27198745","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}