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Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major environmental toxicant associated with cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease, yet the earliest hippocampal responses to short-term exposure remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of short-term CS exposure on hippocampal neuropeptide signalling, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial homeostasis, neuroplasticity and astroglial activation. Mice were exposed to the equivalent of 0, 2, 4 or 6 cigarettes per exposure session, twice daily for four consecutive days, using a whole-body exposure paradigm. Hippocampal tissue was analysed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence and histology. Short-term CS exposure disrupted hippocampal PACAP\/VIP signalling, characterised by reduced Vip, Adcyap1r1 and Vipr1 expression, decreased VIP protein levels and increased Vipr2 expression across all smoke-exposed groups, while PACAP remained unaffected. CS also activated ER stress, evidenced by increased phosphorylated IRE1\u03b1 immunoreactivity and increasing exposure-related trends in Ern1, Ppp1r15a and Eif2ak3 expression. Mitochondrial and stress-associated transcriptional responses included increased Dnm1l, Opa1 and Mmp9 and reduced Sod1 expression; however, associations among these genes did not remain significant after adjustment for exposure and false-discovery rate. Both Bdnf and Adnp expression showed a decreasing linear trend without significant individual treatment-versus-control comparisons. Neuronal BDNF immunoreactivity increased in CA1 and CA2\/3 without detectable changes in CREB phosphorylation. CS further induced an increasing trend in Gfap expression and selective astroglial response within CA2\/3. These molecular and cellular responses occurred without overt hippocampal histopathological abnormalities, indicating that brief CS exposure initiates hippocampal stress responses before structural damage is detectable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:59:25Z","timestamp":1790765965000},"page":"8760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Hippocampal Stress Responses to Short-Term Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Rubina","family":"Marzagalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, 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Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"},{"name":"Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7037-759X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Castorina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8087","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01533","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking: An Assessment of Tobacco\u2019s Global Environmental Footprint Across Its Entire Supply Chain","volume":"52","author":"Zafeiridou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. 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