{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:06:52Z","timestamp":1792789612133,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Goda Foundation"},{"name":"Clem Jones Foundation","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00tpvfm85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease involves complex interactions among neuroinflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Emerging evidence implicates microbial pathogens and hypoxia as converging stressors, yet their combined impact on glial function remains poorly understood. Human astrocyte and microglial cell lines were exposed to four experimental conditions: (i) normoxic control, (ii) Chlamydia pneumoniae infection under normoxia, (iii) hypoxia control and (iv) Chlamydia pneumoniae infection under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia was induced at 3% oxygen for 72 h. Cellular responses were assessed using NanoString nCounter transcriptomics using the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Metabolic Pathways panels, Tandem Mass Tag proteomics, MTT reduction, glucose uptake, intracellular ATP quantification and amyloid beta quantification by ELISA. Combined exposure to infection and hypoxia was associated with cell-type-specific alterations in glial metabolic and transcriptional responses. Factorial transcriptomic analysis identified significant infection \u00d7 oxygen interactions across both NanoString panels and glial cell types. Proteomic responses differed according to cell type and oxygen availability. A\u03b240 and A\u03b242 measurements demonstrated treatment-associated alterations in the extracellular A\u03b2 peptide profile, including increased A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 ratios following infection. Together, these findings demonstrate distinct and interacting effects of infection and hypoxia on glial metabolic and molecular responses and identify Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related cellular changes warranting further investigation in physiologically relevant models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:10:48Z","timestamp":1790932248000},"page":"8820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined Effects of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection and Hypoxia on Glial Metabolism and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Related Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Kabita","family":"Kuikel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0147-7973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"McEwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tahlia Joy","family":"Mathiske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lucinda","family":"Wojtaszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7536-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James A. 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