{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T10:49:35Z","timestamp":1791629375729,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32572975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32572975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32572975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32572975"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2025 Nanjing Municipal Digital Agriculture Technology Achievement Integration Innovation and Demonstration Project","award":["2025011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025011"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China"},{"name":"Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["KYCX25_0999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX25_0999"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exogenous gibberellin (GA) efficiently induces seeded grape parthenocarpy and improves berry quality, with VvGAMYB serving as a key response factor. However, the VvGAMYB-mediated regulatory networks underlying this process remain unclear. In this study, GA3 treatment induced ovule abortion in \u2018Wink\u2019 grape, leading to the formation of parthenocarpic seedless berries. Exogenous GA drastically repressed VvGAMYB levels, thereby promoting parthenocarpy in grape ovaries. Through protein interaction screening, we identified 181 predicted VvGAMYB-associated proteins, which include differentially expressed genes related to hormone signaling, sugar metabolism, and transcriptional regulation, and further revealed that GA-induced grape parthenocarpy likely operates through a VvGAMYB-mediated network, coordinating key genes such as VvGID1B (GA signaling), VvRAP2-4 (ETH signaling), VvGAPC2 (glycolysis), and VvMETKs (methylation modification). Among these candidates, VvGAMYB repressed VvMETK2 promoter activity, whereas GA3 treatment weakened this repression, as demonstrated by a dual-luciferase assay in tobacco. Collectively, this study established an integrative framework in which VvGAMYB orchestrates phytohormone crosstalk, sugar metabolism, and epigenetic modification during GA-induced parthenocarpy. Our findings provide significant insights into the molecular network of GA-induced grape parthenocarpy and offer key target genes for the molecular breeding of high-quality seedless grapes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:50:38Z","timestamp":1790959838000},"page":"8828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["VvGAMYB Orchestrates Multi-Signaling Networks to Modulate GA-Induced Parthenocarpic Seedless Berry Development in Grapes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, \r\n\t  Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ruiqiang","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, \r\n\t  Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Linjia","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, \r\n\t  Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, \r\n\t  Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, \r\n\t  Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lianshuang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, \r\n\t  Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xuxian","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, \r\n\t  Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, \r\n\t  Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xinpeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, \r\n\t  Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xicheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pomology, \r\n\t  Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, \r\n\t  Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp094","article-title":"The role of auxin and gibberellin in tomato fruit set","volume":"60","author":"Mariani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.06.005","article-title":"Molecular regulation of seed and fruit set","volume":"17","author":"Ruan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23970","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011859117","article-title":"Fruit setting rewires central metabolism via gibberellin cascades","volume":"117","author":"Shinozaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5930","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.15570","article-title":"Gibberellin mediates VvmiR397a-VvLAC4 via VvSLR1-VvWRKY26 cascade signal to repress the seed-stone development during GA-induced grape parthenocarpy","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery172","article-title":"Spatio-temporal expression of miRNA159 family members and their GAMYB target gene during the modulation of gibberellin-induced grapevine parthenocarpy","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580-017-0062-z","article-title":"Pre-bloom application of gibberellin in \u2018Tamnara\u2019 grape increases \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production at full bloom","volume":"58","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C., Xu, X., Singer, S.D., Li, J., Zhang, H., Gao, M., Wang, L., Song, J., and Wang, X. (2013). Effect of GA3 treatment on seed development and seed-related gene expression in grape. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080044"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.21475\/ajcs.2016.10.03.p6911","article-title":"Gibberellic acid induces parthenocarpy and increases fruit size in the \u2018Gefner\u2019 custard apple (Annona cherimola \u00d7 Annona squamosa)","volume":"10","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust. J. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41438-019-0124-8","article-title":"Gibberellic acid induced parthenocarpic \u2018Honeycrisp\u2019 apples (Malus domestica) exhibit reduced ovary width and lower acidity","volume":"6","author":"Galimba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2503\/jjshs1.77.350","article-title":"Effects of plant growth regulators on fruit set and fruit shape of parthenocarpic apple fruits","volume":"77","author":"Watanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41438-017-0012-z","article-title":"Histological, hormonal and transcriptomic reveal the changes upon gibberellin-induced parthenocarpy in pear fruit","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-014-9995-8","article-title":"Effects of exogenous application of GA4+7 and N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N\u2032-phenylurea on induced parthenocarpy and fruit quality in Pyrus pyrifolia \u2018Cuiguan\u2019","volume":"76","author":"Niu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Luo, J., Xu, F., and Zhang, X. (2016). Transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes involved in gibberellin-induced fruit setting in triploid loquat (Eriobotrya japonica). Front. Plant Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01924"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, B., Song, W., Sun, M., Chen, M., Mu, Q., Zhang, X., Wu, Q., Chen, X., Gao, D., and Wu, H. (2019). Identification and characterization of cherry (Cerasus pseudocerasus G. Don) genes responding to parthenocarpy induced by GA3 through transcriptome analysis. BMC Genet, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-019-0746-8"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5897","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erv300","article-title":"Silencing C19-GA 2-oxidases induces parthenocarpic development and inhibits lateral branching in tomato plants","volume":"66","author":"Moritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers229","article-title":"The characterization of transgenic tomato overexpressing gibberellin 20-oxidase reveals induction of parthenocarpic fruit growth, higher yield, and alteration of the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway","volume":"63","author":"Carrera","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Wu, T., Liu, J., Cong, L., Zhu, Y., Zhai, R., Yang, C., Wang, Z., Ma, F., and Xu, L. (2020). PbGA20ox2 regulates fruit set and induces parthenocarpy by enhancing GA(4) content. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00113"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.113.225987","article-title":"Gibberellin 3-oxidase gene expression patterns influence gibberellin biosynthesis, growth, and development in pea","volume":"163","author":"Reinecke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.047415","article-title":"Genetic characterization and functional analysis of the GID1 gibberellin receptors in Arabidopsis","volume":"18","author":"Griffiths","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02748.x","article-title":"Identification and characterization of Arabidopsis gibberellin receptors","volume":"46","author":"Nakajima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.02.036","article-title":"The molecular mechanism and evolution of the GA-GID1-DELLA signaling module in plants","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.107.051441","article-title":"The DELLA domain of GA INSENSITIVE mediates the interaction with the GA INSENSITIVE DWARF1A gibberellin receptor of Arabidopsis","volume":"19","author":"Willige","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.113.4.1051","article-title":"Gibberellin deficiency and response mutations suppress the stem elongation phenotype of phytochrome-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis","volume":"113","author":"Peng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.52.1.67","article-title":"How gibberellin regulates plant growth and development: A molecular genetic analysis of gibberellin signaling","volume":"52","author":"Richards","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.10.2.155","article-title":"The Arabidopsis RGA gene encodes a transcriptional regulator repressing the gibberellin signal transduction pathway","volume":"10","author":"Silverstone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"3130","article-title":"Genome-wide identification and expression of DELLA protein gene family during the development of grape berry induced by exogenous GA","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Agric. Sin."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.010917","article-title":"Mutants at the Slender1 locus of barley cv Himalaya. Molecular and physiological characterization","volume":"129","author":"Chandler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.13.5.999","article-title":"slender rice, a constitutive gibberellin response mutant, is caused by a null mutation of the SLR1 gene, an ortholog of the height-regulating genes GAI\/RGA\/RHT\/D8","volume":"13","author":"Ikeda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03628.x","article-title":"PROCERA encodes a DELLA protein that mediates control of dissected leaf form in tomato","volume":"56","author":"Jasinski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.204552","article-title":"Characterization of the procera tomato mutant shows novel functions of the SlDELLA protein in the control of flower morphology, cell division and expansion, and the auxin-signaling pathway during fruit-set and development","volume":"160","author":"Carrera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03282.x","article-title":"Silencing of DELLA induces facultative parthenocarpy in tomato fruits","volume":"52","author":"Ellul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.114.132795","article-title":"Uncovering DELLA-independent gibberellin responses by characterizing new tomato procera mutants","volume":"27","author":"Livne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59095-5","article-title":"O-Fucosyltransferase SPINDLY attenuates auxin-induced fruit growth by inhibiting ARF6\/8-coactivator mediator complex interaction in Arabidopsis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"uhaf021","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhaf021","article-title":"PbDELLA-PbMYB56-PbCYP78A6 module regulates GA(4+7)-induced pseudo-embryo development and parthenocarpy in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri)","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.108.062935","article-title":"Gibberellin modulates anther development in rice via the transcriptional regulation of GAMYB","volume":"21","author":"Aya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1879","article-title":"Gibberellin-regulated expression of a myb gene in barley aleurone cells: Evidence for Myb transactivation of a high-pI alpha-amylase gene promoter","volume":"7","author":"Gubler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01641.x","article-title":"A role for HvGAMYB in anther development","volume":"33","author":"Murray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.104.027920","article-title":"The Arabidopsis GAMYB-like genes, MYB33 and MYB65, are microRNA-regulated genes that redundantly facilitate anther development","volume":"17","author":"Millar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.017327","article-title":"Loss-of-function mutations of the rice GAMYB gene impair alpha-amylase expression in aleurone and flower development","volume":"16","author":"Kaneko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2010.00959.x","article-title":"Identification of gamyb-4 and analysis of the regulatory role of GAMYB in rice anther development","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru176","article-title":"A GAMYB homologue CsGAMYB1 regulates sex expression of cucumber via an ethylene-independent pathway","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13637","article-title":"microRNA159-targeted SlGAMYB transcription factors are required for fruit set in tomato","volume":"92","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"157","article-title":"Effect of pre-bloom GA application on pollen tube growth in cv. Delaware grape pistils","volume":"44","author":"Okamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vitis"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1999.00346.x","article-title":"Target genes and regulatory domains of the GAMYB transcriptional activator in cereal aleurone","volume":"17","author":"Gubler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01206","article-title":"Modulation of floral development by a gibberellin-regulated microRNA","volume":"131","author":"Achard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2012.04134.x","article-title":"Two strawberry miR159 family members display developmental-specific expression patterns in the fruit receptacle and cooperatively regulate Fa-GAMYB","volume":"195","author":"Csukasi","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02795.x","article-title":"GAMYB controls different sets of genes and is differentially regulated by microRNA in aleurone cells and anthers","volume":"47","author":"Tsuji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio-Somoza, I., and Weigel, D. (2013). Coordination of flower maturation by a regulatory circuit of three microRNAs. PLoS Genet, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003374"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"uhab024","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhab024","article-title":"Hormonal interactions underlying parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops","volume":"9","author":"Sharif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12835","article-title":"2,4-D-induced parthenocarpy in pear is mediated by enhancement of GA(4) biosynthesis","volume":"166","author":"Cong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-837494","article-title":"Parthenocarpic fruit development in tomato","volume":"7","author":"Gorguet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.104.028472","article-title":"Cross talk between gibberellin and cytokinin: The Arabidopsis GA response inhibitor SPINDLY plays a positive role in cytokinin signaling","volume":"17","author":"Maymon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"uhad084","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhad084","article-title":"Gibberellin biosynthesis is required for CPPU-induced parthenocarpy in melon","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-009-0913-7","article-title":"Abscisic acid levels in tomato ovaries are regulated by LeNCED1 and SlCYP707A1","volume":"229","author":"Nitsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.77.1.104","article-title":"Leaf carbohydrate status and enzymes of translocate synthesis in fruiting and vegetative plants of Cucumis sativus L.","volume":"77","author":"Pharr","year":"1985","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2021.110061","article-title":"Sugars enhance parthenocarpic fruit formation in cucumber by promoting auxin and cytokinin signaling","volume":"283","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5536","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.70324","article-title":"MicroRNA156-SPL13B module induces parthenocarpy through the gibberellin pathway","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.12778","article-title":"Critical function of DNA methyltransferase 1 in tomato development and regulation of the DNA methylome and transcriptome","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/19\/8828\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T10:10:45Z","timestamp":1791627045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/19\/8828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27198828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27198828","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}}}