{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:05:13Z","timestamp":1792789513483,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Faisal University","award":["KFU265076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU265076"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dn43547","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["KFU265076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU265076"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dn43547","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the valorisation of post-industrial recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) via incorporation of sepiolite clay to develop a composite adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) dye removal. The composite formulation was evaluated by varying the rPET concentration, TFA:DCM solvent ratio, sepiolite content, and blending time. The selected formulation had an average particle size of 267.10 nm, a specific surface area of 0.67 m2\/g, and a pore volume of 0.003925 cm3\/g. Adsorption conditions were then optimised using a five-factor, three-level Box\u2013Behnken design, considering contact time, MB concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature. The resulting quadratic model was statistically significant (F = 114.18, p &lt; 0.0001), with R2 = 0.9892, adjusted R2 = 0.9805, and predicted R2 = 0.9568; however, the lack-of-fit was also significant (F = 90.90, p &lt; 0.0001), indicating that model predictions should be interpreted within the investigated factor ranges. At the selected conditions of 62.5 min, 25.5 mg\/L MB, 2.55 g\/50 mL adsorbent, pH 7, and 55 \u00b0C, the model predicted an MB removal efficiency of 99.03%. The adsorbent retained at least 93% reusability efficiency after six adsorption\u2013washing\u2013reuse cycles. The kinetic data were described more closely by the pseudo-second-order model, whereas the Freundlich model provided a better representation of the equilibrium data (R2 = 0.9976). Thermodynamic results indicated that adsorption was favourable and exothermic within the investigated temperature range. Overall, the results show that post-industrial PET can be converted into a value-added sepiolite-containing adsorbent for MB removal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:31:31Z","timestamp":1791203491000},"page":"8841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recycled PET\/Sepiolite Composite Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Removal: Formulation, RSM Optimisation, Reusability, and Adsorption Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Suria Fatin","family":"Mohd Din","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9143-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahid Iqbal","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9486-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed E. Ali","family":"Mohsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4599-0856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suleiman","family":"Mousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, P.O. 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Box 400, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2603-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zurina","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3076-1161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SK Safdar","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, P.O. 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