{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:47:10Z","timestamp":1791953230339,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":315,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As an essential micronutrient, iron plays a vital role in oxygen transport, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and energy production and is a redox-active cofactor for many biological processes. However, ferrous iron (Fe2+) is toxic to cells because it reacts with hydrogen peroxide in the Fenton reaction to generate the hydroxyl (free) radical, a key player in oxidative stress, leading to lipid peroxidation and iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis). Therefore, iron homeostasis is precisely regulated. Maintaining appropriate iron metabolism during pregnancy is a major challenge, as it requires adaptation at the level of the utero\u2013placental\u2013fetal unit to the dynamic changes in the demand for iron in the developing fetus during the later weeks of pregnancy. The distinction between physiological (normal) anemia, which results from hemodilution and leads to the depletion of intracellular iron stores (ferritin) in placental cells, and the manifestation of the toxic effects of iron overload and\/or oxidative stress is not always clear. Moreover, chronic inflammation during pregnancy associated with increasingly common metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension may induce ferroptosis. This review presents the current understanding of placental iron homeostasis and its disturbances, focusing on the role of ferroptosis in placental dysfunction. The rationale for potentially effective anti-ferroptotic treatment is also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:31:31Z","timestamp":1791203491000},"page":"8856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Placental Iron Homeostasis: Navigating the Delicate Balance Between Transport and Ferroptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0124-060X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Szukiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679715","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2026.2679715","article-title":"Micronutrient intake and predictors of adequacy in female collegiate dancers consuming low-energy diets","volume":"23","author":"Brooks","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kliegman, R.M., St Geme, J.W., Blum, N.J., Shah, S.S., Tasker, R.C., and Wilson, K.M. (2020). Nutritional requirements. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Elsevier. [21st ed.]. Chapter 55."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003100","article-title":"Iron homeostasis and health: Understanding its role beyond blood health\u2014A narrative review","volume":"87","author":"Obeagu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yiannikourides, A., and Latunde-Dada, G.O. (2019). A Short Review of Iron Metabolism and Pathophysiology of Iron Disorders. Medicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6030085"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2023000474","article-title":"Identifying and treating iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy","volume":"2023","author":"Lewkowitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101611","article-title":"A practical review of iron deficiency in pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Moyle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9gier, C., Peoc\u2019h, K., Puy, V., and Cordier, A.G. (2022). Iron Metabolism in Normal and Pathological Pregnancies and Fetal Consequences. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12020129"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13870","article-title":"The incidence, complications, and treatment of iron deficiency in pregnancy","volume":"109","author":"Benson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"115","article-title":"The association between anemia and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Azami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Casp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quezada-Pinedo, H.G., Cassel, F., Duijts, L., Muckenthaler, M.U., Gassmann, M., Jaddoe, V.W.V., Reiss, I.K.M., and Vermeulen, M.J. (2021). Maternal Iron Status in Pregnancy and Child Health Outcomes after Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072221"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habe, S., Haruna, M., Yonezawa, K., Usui, Y., Sasaki, S., Nagamatsu, T., Fujita, M., Suetsugu, Y., Ohori, R., and Tanaka, M. (2024). Factors Associated with Anemia and Iron Deficiency during Pregnancy: A Prospective Observational Study in Japan. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030418"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082018-124213","article-title":"The Benefits and Risks of Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy and Childhood","volume":"39","author":"Georgieff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44330","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000044330","article-title":"Altered placental iron transport and putative ferroptosis pathways in pregnancies with excessive gestational weight gain: A prospective cohort study","volume":"104","author":"Ege","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115415","article-title":"The emerging role of ferroptosis in female reproductive disorders","volume":"166","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, S.W., Norwitz, S.G., and Norwitz, E.R. (2019). The Impact of Iron Overload and Ferroptosis on Reproductive Disorders in Humans: Implications for Preeclampsia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133283"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26344","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.26344","article-title":"Iron Overload-Induced Ferroptosis Drives Placental Dysfunction in Preeclampsia","volume":"83","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, J., Jiang, R., Liu, N., Cai, Q., Cao, Q., Du, Y., and Zhao, H. (2025). Iron-Immune Crosstalk at the Maternal-Fetal Interface: Emerging Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14070890"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2026.06.017","article-title":"Placental iron-driven oxidative imbalance and changes in iron homeostasis in diabetes-in-pregnancy: A cross-sectional analytical study","volume":"182","author":"Thalapalliyil","year":"2026","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-023-01193-0","article-title":"The Role of Ferroptosis in Placental-Related Diseases","volume":"30","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw009","article-title":"The placenta: The forgotten essential organ of iron transport","volume":"74","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-061021-030404","article-title":"Iron Homeostasis During Pregnancy: Maternal, Placental, and Fetal Regulatory Mechanisms","volume":"43","author":"Sangkhae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.001","article-title":"Placental iron transport: The mechanism and regulatory circuits","volume":"133","author":"Sangkhae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.12.018","article-title":"Maternal, fetal and placental regulation of placental iron trafficking","volume":"125","year":"2022","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01969-z","article-title":"Iron homeostasis and ferroptosis in human diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects","volume":"9","author":"Ru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.034","article-title":"Iron metabolism: Current facts and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Tandara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21668","article-title":"Iron metabolism: From health to disease","volume":"28","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, R., K\u00fcck, M., Radziwolek, L., and Kerling, A. (2022). Iron Deficiency in Adolescent and Young Adult German Athletes-A Retrospective Study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214511"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.03.011","article-title":"An overview of molecular basis of iron metabolism regulation and the associated pathologies","volume":"1852","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolar\u0161, B., Mijatovi\u0107 Jovin, V., \u017divanovi\u0107, N., Minakovi\u0107, I., Gvozdenovi\u0107, N., Dickov Kokeza, I., and Lesjak, M. (2025). Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Comprehensive Overview of Established and Emerging Concepts. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18081104"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.568S","article-title":"Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning","volume":"131","author":"Beard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-019-03054-8","article-title":"Iron in Health and Disease: An Update","volume":"87","author":"Lal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12727","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R117.781823","article-title":"Iron homeostasis: An anthropocentric perspective","volume":"292","author":"Coffey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00008.2013","article-title":"Systemic iron homeostasis","volume":"93","author":"Ganz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"241","article-title":"The iron metallome in eukaryotic organisms","volume":"12","author":"Dlouhy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Met. Ions Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philpott, C.C., Protchenko, O., Wang, Y., Novoa-Aponte, L., Leon-Torres, A., Grounds, S., and Tietgens, A.J. (2023). Iron-tracking strategies: Chaperones capture iron in the cytosolic labile iron pool. Front. Mol. Biosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1127690"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343571","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/343571","article-title":"Erythrocyte Catalase Activity in More Frequent Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia: Beta-Thalassemia Trait and Iron Deficiency Anemia","volume":"2015","author":"Lazarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2012.04.004","article-title":"The reaction mechanisms of heme catalases: An atomistic view by ab initio molecular dynamics","volume":"525","author":"Vidossich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000496324","article-title":"Storage Iron Turnover from a New Perspective","volume":"141","author":"Saito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"39","article-title":"Determination of ferritin and hemosiderin iron in patients with normal iron stores and iron overload by serum ferritin kinetics","volume":"74","author":"Saito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nagoya J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappellini, M.D., Farmakis, D., Porter, J., Taher, A., and Kattamis, A. (2023). Iron overload: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and monitoring. 2021 Guidelines: For the Management of Transfusion Dependent Thalassaemia (TDT) [Internet], Thalassaemia International Federation. [4th ed.]. Chapter 3.","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000732"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"932","article-title":"Secondary Iron Overload and the Liver: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"11","author":"Pinyopornpanish","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.05.001","article-title":"Iron metabolism: Pathophysiology and pharmacology","volume":"42","author":"Roemhild","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-06-815894","article-title":"Liver iron sensing and body iron homeostasis","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Ogun, A.S., and Adeyinka, A. (2026, July 25). Biochemistry, Transferrin. [Updated 7 July 2025], StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK532928\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Baddam, S., and Chen, R.J. (2026, July 25). Iron Overload and Toxicity. [Updated 7 July 2025], StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK526131\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kontoghiorghes, G.J. (2023). Iron Load Toxicity in Medicine: From Molecular and Cellular Aspects to Clinical Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612928"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024024731","article-title":"Transferrin: The iron transporter takes control","volume":"144","author":"Weichhart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1039\/C8MT00048D","article-title":"The significance, trafficking and determination of labile iron in cytosol, mitochondria and lysosomes","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.411","article-title":"The ins and outs of iron: Escorting iron through the mammalian cytosol","volume":"133","author":"Philpott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB02738A","article-title":"Advances in Fenton reaction-mediated ferroptosis for enhanced cancer therapy: Mechanisms, amplification strategies, and synergistic approaches","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.232124","article-title":"Iron metabolism and iron disorders revisited in the hepcidin era","volume":"105","author":"Camaschella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.01.002","article-title":"Mechanism and regulation of iron absorption throughout the life cycle","volume":"77","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.02.026","article-title":"Iron regulatory proteins control a mucosal block to intestinal iron absorption","volume":"3","author":"Galy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e693","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000693","article-title":"IRE-dependent Regulation of Intestinal Dmt1 Prevails During Chronic Dietary Iron Deficiency but is Dispensable in Conditions of Acute Erythropoietic Stress","volume":"6","author":"Qatato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkinson, N., and Pantopoulos, K. (2014). The IRP\/IRE system in vivo: Insights from mouse models. Front. Pharmacol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00176"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103444","article-title":"Modulation of iron metabolism by new chemicals interacting with the iron regulatory system","volume":"79","author":"Tsuji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9403","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.16.9403","article-title":"Converse modulation of IRP1 and IRP2 by immunological stimuli in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"273","author":"Bouton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32073-x","article-title":"Iron response elements (IREs)-mRNA of Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid precursor protein binding to iron regulatory protein (IRP1): A combined molecular docking and spectroscopic approach","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D.L., Ghosh, M.C., and Rouault, T.A. (2014). The physiological functions of iron regulatory proteins in iron homeostasis\u2014An update. Front. Pharmacol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00124"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MT00192A","article-title":"Differential translational control of 5\u2032 IRE-containing mRNA in response to dietary iron deficiency and acute iron overload","volume":"12","author":"Garza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.079665.123","article-title":"A temporal difference in the stabilization of two mRNAs with a 3\u2032 iron-responsive element during iron deficiency","volume":"29","author":"Connell","year":"2023","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemeth, E., and Ganz, T. (2021). Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126493"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh-25-99","article-title":"The role of hepcidin in the inflammatory and iron homeostasis axis in inflammatory bowel diseases: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Parreira","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Q., Li, Y., and Li, J. (2026). Current research on the HIF-2\u03b1-EPO-Hb axis in hypoxic environments: From molecular mechanisms to clinical. Front. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1780669"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogt, A.S., Arsiwala, T., Mohsen, M., Vogel, M., Manolova, V., and Bachmann, M.F. (2021). On Iron Metabolism and Its Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094591"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.020","article-title":"DMT1 and iron transport","volume":"133","author":"Yanatori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.03.007","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor-2\u03b1 mediates the adaptive increase of intestinal ferroportin during iron deficiency in mice","volume":"140","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-06-857995","article-title":"Erythroferrone inhibits the induction of hepcidin by BMP6","volume":"132","author":"Arezes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2019.01.004","article-title":"Hepcidin and the BMP-SMAD pathway: An unexpected liaison","volume":"110","author":"Silvestri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115495","article-title":"Bone morphogenic proteins in iron homeostasis","volume":"138","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI122359","article-title":"Hepatic hepcidin\/intestinal HIF-2\u03b1 axis maintains iron absorption during iron deficiency and overload","volume":"129","author":"Schwartz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-03-492454","article-title":"IRP1 regulates erythropoiesis and systemic iron homeostasis by controlling HIF2\u03b1 mRNA translation","volume":"122","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.01.007","article-title":"The IRP1-HIF-2\u03b1 axis coordinates iron and oxygen sensing with erythropoiesis and iron absorption","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.12.016","article-title":"Deletion of iron regulatory protein 1 causes polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension in mice through translational derepression of HIF2\u03b1","volume":"17","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skolmowska, D., and G\u0142\u0105bska, D. (2019). Analysis of Heme and Non-Heme Iron Intake and Iron Dietary Sources in Adolescent Menstruating Females in a National Polish Sample. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051049"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Martin, S. (2026). Beyond bioavailability: Dual-source iron improves absorption and cellular handling. Front. Nutr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1860836"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4101","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4101","article-title":"Mechanisms of heme iron absorption: Current questions and controversies","volume":"14","author":"West","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4716","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i35.4716","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms involved in intestinal iron absorption","volume":"13","author":"Sharp","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanatori, I., Tabuchi, M., Kawai, Y., Yasui, Y., Akagi, R., and Kishi, F. (2010). Heme and non-heme iron transporters in non-polarized and polarized cells. BMC Cell Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-11-39"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-030122-043608","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase-Like Metalloenzymes","volume":"94","author":"Pope","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2006.01.005","article-title":"Recent advances in mammalian haem transport","volume":"31","author":"Simpson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.08.003","article-title":"Intestinal ferritin H is required for an accurate control of iron absorption","volume":"12","author":"Vanoaica","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.08.011","article-title":"Ferrit(in)ing out new mechanisms in iron homeostasis","volume":"12","author":"Andrews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-025-01436-x","article-title":"Transferrin receptors","volume":"57","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019002907","article-title":"Hepatic transferrin plays a role in systemic iron homeostasis and liver ferroptosis","volume":"136","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1006\/bcmd.2002.0571","article-title":"Post-transcriptional regulation of human iron metabolism by iron regulatory proteins","volume":"29","author":"Rouault","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81332","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81332","article-title":"A crosstalk between hepcidin and IRE\/IRP pathways controls ferroportin expression and determines serum iron levels in mice","volume":"11","author":"Charlebois","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.063941.117","article-title":"Regulation of transferrin receptor-1 mRNA by the interplay between IRE-binding proteins and miR-7\/miR-141 in the 3\u2032-IRE stem-loops","volume":"24","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"361","article-title":"Nature of storage iron turnover","volume":"86","author":"Saito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nagoya J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enko, D. (2025). Physiology of Iron Metabolism. Clin. Lab., 71.","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2024.241005"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Fredriksson, M., Dernroth, D.N., Mahmod, H., Mai, X.M., \u00d6stgren, C.J., and Yuan, X.M. (2026). Sex differences in iron stores and associations of body iron with cardiovascular risk factors in the middle-aged general population. Front. Endocrinol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1832141"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2007.03.009","article-title":"Iron storage disease: Facts, fiction and progress","volume":"39","author":"Beutler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.2012","article-title":"Iron overload disorders","volume":"6","author":"Hsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000622","article-title":"Cardiovascular Manifestations of Hemochromatosis: A Review of Pathophysiology, Mechanisms, and Treatment Options","volume":"33","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30392-8","article-title":"Juvenile haemochromatosis","volume":"5","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badulescu, O.-V., Cosmin Tudor, R., Filip, N., Bordeianu, G., Ciocoiu, M., Bararu-Bojan, I., Vladeanu, M.C., Frasinariu, O.E., Barbosu, L.I., and Tesoi, D.F. (2025). Iron Metabolism and Hemochromatosis: Pathogenic Pathways to Multiple Organ Dysfunction\u2014Clinical and Therapeutic Implications. Human Iron Metabolism\u2014Biology, Health, and Disease, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1012950"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800715","article-title":"Iron overload syndromes and the liver","volume":"20","author":"Batts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasztura, M., Kiczak, L., Pas\u0142awska, U., Bania, J., Janiszewski, A., Tomaszek, A., Zacharski, M., Noszczyk-Nowak, A., Pas\u0142awski, R., and Tabi\u015b, A. (2022). Hemosiderin Accumulation in Liver Decreases Iron Availability in Tachycardia-Induced Porcine Congestive Heart Failure Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031026"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5960","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900808106","article-title":"Nramp1 promotes efficient macrophage recycling of iron following erythrophagocytosis in vivo","volume":"106","author":"Apte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20230594","article-title":"Structural insights into ferroportin mediated iron transport","volume":"51","author":"Jormakka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.01.005","article-title":"HRG1 is essential for heme transport from the phagolysosome of macrophages during erythrophagocytosis","volume":"17","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryter, S.W. (2020). Therapeutic Potential of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide in Acute Organ Injury, Critical Illness, and Inflammatory Disorders. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111153"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-12-567776","article-title":"Macrophages and iron trafficking at the birth and death of red cells","volume":"125","author":"Korolnek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6054","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-03-272138","article-title":"Dysfunction of the heme recycling system in heme oxygenase 1-deficient mice: Effects on macrophage viability and tissue iron distribution","volume":"116","author":"Kovtunovych","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20121139","article-title":"Ferroportin expression in haem oxygenase 1-deficient mice","volume":"449","author":"Lenartowicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-025-00673-5","article-title":"Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells constitute a major route for hemoglobin clearance","volume":"27","author":"Zurawska","year":"2026","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022016987","article-title":"Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induce BMP6 expression in response to non-transferrin-bound iron","volume":"141","author":"Charlebois","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0022","article-title":"Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell: An important yet often overlooked player in the liver fibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0020-y","article-title":"Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells\u2014Gatekeepers of hepatic immunity","volume":"15","author":"Shetty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.009","article-title":"Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells: Physiology and role in liver diseases","volume":"66","author":"Poisson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-12-754499","article-title":"Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells as iron sensors","volume":"129","author":"Parrow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0885-1677","article-title":"The Case for an Estrogen-iron Axis in Health and Disease","volume":"128","author":"Hamad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2023.06.027","article-title":"Estrogen-iron axis in cyclic mares: Effect of age","volume":"209","author":"Fazio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4116","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2024.285456","article-title":"Maternal prolactin or estrogen signaling in hepatocytes does not regulate iron homeostasis during pregnancy","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikeda, Y., Tajima, S., Izawa-Ishizawa, Y., Kihira, Y., Ishizawa, K., Tomita, S., Tsuchiya, K., and Tamaki, T. (2012). Estrogen regulates hepcidin expression via GPR30-BMP6-dependent signaling in hepatocytes. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040465"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Xiao, J., Zhou, S., Wumiti, T., Zhao, Z., Zhao, R., Pan, Y., Wang, Q., Ma, Y., and Wu, L. (2025). The GPR30-Mediated BMP-6\/HEP\/FPN Signaling Pathway Inhibits Ferroptosis in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Alleviate Osteoporosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052027"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kope\u0107, Z., Starzy\u0144ski, R.R., Jo\u0144czy, A., Mazgaj, R., and Lipi\u0144ski, P. (2021). Role of Iron Metabolism-Related Genes in Prenatal Development: Insights from Mouse Transgenic Models. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12091382"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0301","article-title":"Hepcidin is an endogenous protective factor for osteoporosis by reducing iron levels","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2484","article-title":"Reducing iron accumulation: A potential approach for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2576","article-title":"Iron and menopause: Does increased iron affect the health of postmenopausal women?","volume":"11","author":"Jian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"336","article-title":"A two-pronged approach to inhibit ferroptosis of MSCs caused by the iron overload in postmenopausal osteoporosis and promote osseointegration of titanium implant","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155812","article-title":"Iron homeostasis during pregnancy","volume":"106","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6083062","article-title":"Hepcidin and iron homeostasis during pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Koenig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.031153","article-title":"Changes in the expression of intestinal iron transport and hepatic regulatory molecules explain the enhanced iron absorption associated with pregnancy in the rat","volume":"53","author":"Millard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-043021-032816","article-title":"Hepcidin and Iron in Health and Disease","volume":"74","author":"Nemeth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helman, S.L., Wilkins, S.J., Chan, J.C.J., Hartel, G., Wallace, D.F., Anderson, G.J., and Frazer, D.M. (2023). A Decrease in Maternal Iron Levels Is the Predominant Factor Suppressing Hepcidin during Pregnancy in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814379"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.103390","article-title":"Pregnancy and iron: Bridging metabolic demands and supplementation needs","volume":"75","author":"Bedran","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dogu, S.Y., Acar, H., Atalmis, H.A., Guler, E.Y., Bafali, I.O., Guzelbag, B., Ocal, A., Guleroglu, F.Y., Yilmaz, I., and Cetin, A. (2026). Iron supplementation-induced modulation of hepcidin, erythroferrone, and oxidative balance in iron-deficient pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-026-09072-7"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024027563","article-title":"Maternal Tmprss6 is required for hepcidin suppression and fetal health","volume":"145","author":"Fielding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2538","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2538","article-title":"Impact of TMPRSS6 Genetic Variants on Maternal Iron Status in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review","volume":"117","author":"Fauzan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000243792","article-title":"Role of matriptase-2 (TMPRSS6) in iron metabolism","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104827","article-title":"Adaptive Response of Estrogen-Iron Axis in Pregnant Purebred Spanish Mares of Different Age","volume":"127","author":"Fazio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcpc049016","article-title":"Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Laboratory reference values","volume":"351","author":"Kratz","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2002.176","article-title":"Total iron binding capacity and transferrin concentration in the assessment of iron status","volume":"40","author":"Kasvosve","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181c2bde8","article-title":"Pregnancy and laboratory studies: A reference table for clinicians","volume":"114","author":"Greer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.10047","article-title":"Reference distributions for serum iron and transferrin saturation: A comparison of a large cohort to the world\u2019s literature","volume":"16","author":"Ritchie","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"e66982","article-title":"Assessing the Impact of Hematological Changes in Pregnancy on Maternal and Fetal Death: A Narrative Review","volume":"16","author":"Paradkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Lactoferrin: Structure, function and applications","volume":"33","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203719666180514150921","article-title":"Lactoferrin: Major Physiological Functions and Applications","volume":"20","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025030270","article-title":"Estrogen upregulates lactoferrin to induce hypercoagulability for hemostatic protection during pregnancy","volume":"147","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy049","article-title":"Hemochorial placentation: Development, function, and adaptations","volume":"99","author":"Soares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zych-Krekora, K., Sylwestrzak, O., and Krekora, M. (2025). The Critical Role of Iron in Pregnancy, Puerperium, and Fetal Development. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14103482"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2021.06.003","article-title":"Advances in understanding the crosstalk between mother and fetus on iron utilization","volume":"58","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2011.055046","article-title":"Fetal iron levels are regulated by maternal and fetal Hfe genotype and dietary iron","volume":"97","author":"Balesaria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-07032-6","article-title":"Molecular insights into placental iron transfer mechanisms and maternofetal regulation","volume":"309","author":"Santhakumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115141","article-title":"Materno-fetal iron transfer and the emerging role of ferroptosis pathways","volume":"202","author":"Zaugg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa155","article-title":"Iron absorption during pregnancy is underestimated when iron utilization by the placenta and fetus is ignored","volume":"112","author":"Delaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2016.12.001","article-title":"Comparative Placental Anatomy: Divergent Structures Serving a Common Purpose","volume":"145","author":"Hafez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2022.03.039","article-title":"Human placental development and function","volume":"131","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kojima, J., Ono, M., Kuji, N., and Nishi, H. (2022). Human Chorionic Villous Differentiation and Placental Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23148003"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger-Genge, A., Blocki, A., Franke, R.P., and Jung, F. (2019). Vascular Endothelial Cell Biology: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184411"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev204838","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.204838","article-title":"Feto-placental blood vessel development","volume":"152","year":"2025","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13082","article-title":"Human placental villi contain stromal macrovesicles associated with networks of stellate cells","volume":"236","author":"Palaiologou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09609-z","article-title":"Gene expression of iron transporters, markers of vascularization and structural integrity in placenta of mothers with and without anemia","volume":"51","author":"Arora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-015-9833-0","article-title":"The use of hypotransferrinemic mice in studies of iron biology","volume":"28","author":"Bu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E20-02-0129","article-title":"Unconventional endocytosis and trafficking of transferrin receptor induced by iron","volume":"32","author":"Gammella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Lu, Y., and Jin, L. (2022). Iron Metabolism and Ferroptosis in Physiological and Pathological Pregnancy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169395"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.8.2258","article-title":"pH and the recycling of transferrin during receptor-mediated endocytosis","volume":"80","author":"Ciechanover","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2023.102727","article-title":"Impact of maternal iron deficiency anemia on fetal iron status and placental iron transporters in human pregnancy","volume":"99","author":"Santhakumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-011-9214-7","article-title":"Divalent metal transporter 1 expression and regulation in human placenta","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-022-00370-z","article-title":"The biology of mammalian multi-copper ferroxidases","volume":"36","author":"Helman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab174","article-title":"The Placental Ferroxidase Zyklopen Is Not Essential for Iron Transport to the Fetus in Mice","volume":"151","author":"Helman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20201533","article-title":"Human placental villous stromal extracellular matrix regulates fetoplacental angiogenesis in severe fetal growth restriction","volume":"135","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16453","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.066936","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 (STEAP4) expression by STAT3 and CCAAT\/enhancer-binding protein alpha","volume":"285","author":"Ramadoss","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarthy, R.C., and Kosman, D.J. (2015). Mechanisms and regulation of iron trafficking across the capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2015.00031"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1185","article-title":"Identification of the receptor scavenging hemopexin-heme complexes","volume":"106","author":"Hvidberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0053","article-title":"Placental heme receptor LRP1 correlates with the heme exporter FLVCR1 and neonatal iron status","volume":"148","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.135798","article-title":"Placental expression of the heme transporter, feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor, is related to maternal iron status in pregnant adolescents","volume":"141","author":"Jaacks","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1780","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00080.2012","article-title":"Heme carrier protein 1 transports heme and is involved in heme-Fe metabolism","volume":"302","author":"Garrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei246","article-title":"Expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) isoforms in first trimester human placenta and embryonic tissues","volume":"20","author":"Chong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.09.065","article-title":"Role of heme oxygenase-1 in human placenta on iron supply to fetus","volume":"103","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.11.002","article-title":"HO in pregnancy","volume":"38","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI127341","article-title":"Effects of maternal iron status on placental and fetal iron homeostasis","volume":"130","author":"Sangkhae","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.107.043588","article-title":"Slc39a14 gene encodes ZIP14, a metal\/bicarbonate symporter: Similarities to the ZIP8 transporter","volume":"73","author":"Girijashanker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106170","article-title":"Placental iron transport under maternal stress: A missing link in foetal programming and mental health","volume":"125","author":"Schroeder","year":"2026","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01201-y","article-title":"Iron transport across the human placenta is regulated by hepcidin","volume":"92","author":"McDonald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220827","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2022-0827","article-title":"Current research and evidence gaps on placental development in iron deficiency anemia","volume":"19","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Means, R.T. (2020). Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia: Implications and Impact in Pregnancy, Fetal Development, and Early Childhood Parameters. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020447"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44246","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000044246","article-title":"Complications of anemia in pregnancy: An updated overview for healthcare professionals","volume":"104","author":"Obeagu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Dempsey, N., Gao, S., Su, S., Xie, S., Yao, Z., Hu, M., Li, J., Li, Z., and Zhang, E. (2026). Maternal Haemoglobin and Haematocrit During Pregnancy and Stillbirth Risk: A Prospective, Population-Based Birth Cohort Study. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol.","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.70144"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2478\/abm-2026-0010","article-title":"The influence of maternal anemia on neonatal neurodevelopment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Asian Biomed. (Res. Rev. News)"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103269","article-title":"The Effects of Maternal Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia on the Developing Fetal and Neonatal Brain","volume":"48","author":"Georgieff","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2016-021","article-title":"Physiological changes in pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Tolppanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fite, M.B., Bikila, D., Habtu, W., Tura, A.K., Yadeta, T.A., Oljira, L., and Roba, K.T. (2022). Beyond hemoglobin: Uncovering iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia using serum ferritin concentration among pregnant women in eastern Ethiopia: A community-based study. BMC Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-022-00579-8"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babah, O.A., Chieme, C.F., Abioye, A.I., Spaine, S.O., Adeyemo, T.A., and Afolabi, B.B. (2025). Red blood cell indices versus serum ferritin as surrogate markers of iron deficiency during pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0334098"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16221","article-title":"UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy","volume":"188","author":"Pavord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"CD009997","article-title":"Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy","volume":"2015","author":"Dowswell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-231210","article-title":"Effects of iron supplementation to iron depleted and iron replete pregnant Danish women: Defining criteria for identification of women who can manage without supplements: A randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"16","author":"Milman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neonatal Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.70529","article-title":"FIGO good practice recommendations on anemia in pregnancy, to reduce the incidence and impact of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)","volume":"171","author":"Ubom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-189104","article-title":"Blood rheology during normal pregnancy","volume":"69","author":"Tsikouras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.03.007","article-title":"Mild anemia during pregnancy upregulates placental vascularity development","volume":"102","author":"Stangret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02531-2","article-title":"Trophoblast adaptation to hypoxia: Balance and dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Wong, R.J., and Stevenson, D.K. (2021). The Impact of Hypoxia in Early Pregnancy on Placental Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189675"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1168395","article-title":"Maternal hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit values may affect fetus development by influencing placental angiogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Stangret","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahrens, S., and Singer, D. (2025). Placental Adaptation to Hypoxia: The Case of High-Altitude Pregnancies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22020214"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.08.008","article-title":"Regulation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) in hypoxia and normoxia during placental development","volume":"31","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_197","unstructured":"Raja, F., Chitsaz, M., and Kundrapu, S. (2026, August 11). Iron Deficiency Anemia. PathologyOutlines.com Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/hematologyirondefanemia.html."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1137","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.210007","article-title":"Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy","volume":"193","author":"Malinowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvestro, S., Calcaterra, V., Pelizzo, G., Bramanti, P., and Mazzon, E. (2020). Prenatal Hypoxia and Placental Oxidative Stress: Insights from Animal Models to Clinical Evidences. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050414"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vornic, I., Buciu, V., Furau, C.G., Gaje, P.N., Ceausu, R.A., Dumitru, C.S., Barb, A.C., Novacescu, D., Cumpanas, A.A., and Latcu, S.C. (2024). Oxidative Stress and Placental Pathogenesis: A Contemporary Overview of Potential Biomarkers and Emerging Therapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202410.0912.v1"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2026.115185","article-title":"Oxidative and antioxidant systems in the placental arterioles of pregnant women with preeclampsia","volume":"323","author":"Endlich","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzeszczak, K., \u0141anocha-Arendarczyk, N., Malinowski, W., Zi\u0119tek, P., and Kosik-Bogacka, D. (2023). Oxidative Stress in Pregnancy. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.1578.v1"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01688-x","article-title":"Ischemia-reperfusion injury: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000024411.22110.AA","article-title":"Hypoxia-reoxygenation: A potent inducer of apoptotic changes in the human placenta and possible etiological factor in preeclampsia","volume":"90","author":"Hung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczyk, P., Sulejczak, D., Kleczkowska, P., Bukowska-O\u015bko, I., Kucia, M., Popiel, M., Wietrak, E., Kramkowski, K., Wrzosek, K., and Kaczy\u0144ska, K. (2021). Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress-A Causative Factor and Therapeutic Target in Many Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413384"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02253-4","article-title":"Mitochondria in oxidative stress, inflammation and aging: From mechanisms to therapeutic advances","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117084","article-title":"New insights into the role of mitochondrial dynamics in oxidative stress-induced diseases","volume":"178","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11632","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c00770","article-title":"NADPH Oxidases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Current Inhibitors","volume":"66","author":"Cipriano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annesi, L., Tossetta, G., Borghi, C., and Piani, F. (2024). The Role of Xanthine Oxidase in Pregnancy Complications: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13101234"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20240183","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0183","article-title":"Antioxidants: Powering the fight against fetal hypoxia","volume":"380","author":"Skeffington","year":"2025","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan, C.A., P\u00e9rez de la Lastra, J.M., Plou, F.J., and P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a, E. (2021). The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Revisited: Outlining Their Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094642"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R25","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-22-0278","article-title":"Involvement of oxidative stress in placental dysfunction, the pathophysiology of fetal death and pregnancy disorders","volume":"166","author":"Sultana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2018.03.003","article-title":"Oxidative stress in placental pathology","volume":"69","author":"Schoots","year":"2018","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa053","article-title":"Adaptations of the human placenta to hypoxia: Opportunities for interventions in fetal growth restriction","volume":"27","author":"Colson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"e110450","article-title":"Placental Adaptations Under Severe Anemia: Neonatal Outcomes at the Crossroads","volume":"18","author":"Gautam","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86268-1","article-title":"Hypoxia and oxidative stress induce sterile placental inflammation in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Baker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000759","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2021-000759","article-title":"Iron deficiency anaemia: Pathophysiology, assessment, practical management","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156075","article-title":"U-shaped curve for risk associated with maternal hemoglobin, iron status, or iron supplementation","volume":"106","author":"Dewey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2025.07.085","article-title":"Ferroptosis as a mechanism of placenta dysfunction in inflammation-driven preeclampsia","volume":"169","author":"Cariaco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2026.5790","article-title":"Ferritin in ferroptosis: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases (Review)","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00338-8","article-title":"ROS homeostasis in cell fate, pathophysiology, and therapeutic interventions","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, T., Wang, C., Zhou, N., Zhang, Y., and Mou, X. (2026). Lysosomes in Ferroptosis: Regulatory Mechanisms and Molecular Targets. Molecules, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31132373"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.08.018","article-title":"Redox metabolism: ROS as specific molecular regulators of cell signaling and function","volume":"81","author":"Lennicke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2419175121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2419175121","article-title":"CO2 protects cells from iron-Fenton oxidative DNA damage in Escherichia coli and humans","volume":"121","author":"Fleming","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.5c00339","article-title":"RNA Oxidative Damage by the Iron-Fenton Reaction is Influenced by Bicarbonate Concentration and Ligand Strength","volume":"38","author":"Dingman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3492","article-title":"The redox basis of epigenetic modifications: From mechanisms to functional consequences","volume":"15","author":"Cyr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2016.09.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress and alterations in DNA methylation: Two sides of the same coin in reproduction","volume":"33","author":"Menezo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.028","article-title":"Oxidative stress alters global histone modification and DNA methylation","volume":"82","author":"Niu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.026","article-title":"Epigenomic regulation by labile iron","volume":"170","author":"Camarena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5236482","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5236482","article-title":"Human Hemochromatosis Protein (HFE) Immunoperoxidase Stain Highlights Choriocarcinoma within Mixed Germ Cell Tumors","volume":"2016","author":"Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.042","article-title":"Ferroptosis: An iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death","volume":"149","author":"Dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-06059-w","article-title":"Crosstalk between ferroptosis and autophagy: Broaden horizons of cancer therapy","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01581-0","article-title":"Different types of cell death and their shift in shaping disease","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16741","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16741","article-title":"The role of ferroptosis in central nervous system damage diseases","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, Y., Li, J., Lin, R., Lu, S., Rong, L., Xue, Y., and Fang, Y. (2024). Understanding the unique mechanism of ferroptosis: A promising therapeutic target. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1329147"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-01825-7","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Emerging mechanisms, biological function, and therapeutic potential in cancer and inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Comish, P.B., Tang, D., and Kang, R. (2021). Characteristics and Biomarkers of Ferroptosis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.637162"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00703-5","article-title":"The cell biology of ferroptosis","volume":"25","author":"Dixon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00859-z","article-title":"Organelle-specific regulation of ferroptosis","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400147","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3400147","article-title":"Organelle-Specific Mechanisms in Crosstalk between Apoptosis and Ferroptosis","volume":"2023","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e951","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.951","article-title":"Discriminating Between Apoptosis, Necrosis, Necroptosis, and Ferroptosis by Microscopy and Flow Cytometry","volume":"3","author":"Costigan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mortensen, M.S., Ruiz, J., and Watts, J.L. (2023). Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Drive Lipid Peroxidation during Ferroptosis. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050804"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800311","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201800311","article-title":"GPX4 at the Crossroads of Lipid Homeostasis and Ferroptosis","volume":"19","author":"Forcina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.05.013","article-title":"FSP1: A key regulator of ferroptosis","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F.J., Long, H.Z., Zhou, Z.W., Luo, H.Y., Xu, S.G., and Gao, L.C. (2022). System Xc-\/GSH\/GPX4 axis: An important antioxidant system for the ferroptosis in drug-resistant solid tumor therapy. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.910292"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142369","article-title":"TF and TFRC regulate ferroptosis in swine testicular cells through the JNK signaling pathway","volume":"307","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochette, L., Dogon, G., Rigal, E., Zeller, M., Cottin, Y., and Vergely, C. (2022). Lipid Peroxidation and Iron Metabolism: Two Corner Stones in the Homeostasis Control of Ferroptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010449"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0012-4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cell death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018","volume":"25","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, X., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Hong, L., Zhao, Z., and Guo, P. (2025). Ferroptosis in human reproductive tract infections and associated disorders: Mechanisms and emerging therapeutic opportunities. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1713074"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chabane, T., Bouscary, D., and Grignano, E. (2026). NCOA4 and ferritinophagy in hematological malignancies: A double-edged regulator of iron metabolism and cell fate. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1717435"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62026-4_4","article-title":"The Role of NCOA4-Mediated Ferritinophagy in Ferroptosis","volume":"1301","author":"Gikandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01753-y","article-title":"Ferritinophagy: Research advance and clinical significance in cancers","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2025.155996","article-title":"The role of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in the ferroptosis of hepatocytes: A mechanistic viewpoint","volume":"270","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana-Codina, N., and Mancias, J.D. (2018). The Role of NCOA4-Mediated Ferritinophagy in Health and Disease. Pharmaceuticals, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201809.0148.v1"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2023.109339","article-title":"Ferritinophagy in the etiopathogenic mechanism of related diseases","volume":"117","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-026-10150-x","article-title":"Ferritinophagy: Molecular mechanisms and its crosstalk with ferroptosis in chronic respiratory diseases","volume":"42","author":"Ning","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20257407","article-title":"Placental ferroptosis and impaired fetal growth in symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"140","author":"Cariaco","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70288","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70288","article-title":"Ferroptosis-Mediated Placental Dysfunction in the Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"96","author":"Monisha","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2023.100816","article-title":"Ferroportin expression and regulation in human placenta\/fetal membranes: Implications for ferroptosis and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Zhou, F., Wang, X., and Mo, C. (2023). Role of ferroptosis in pregnancy related diseases and its therapeutic potential. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1083838"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Gan, J., Zhang, M., Du, Y., and Zhao, H. (2022). Ferroptosis and Its Emerging Role in Pre-Eclampsia. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071282"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2018.1450368","article-title":"Increased serum iron levels in pregnant women with preeclampsia: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, H., Wang, Z., Qu, C., and Liu, X. (2025). The associations of maternal serum ferritin levels with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A longitudinal cohort study. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1639068"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.03.007","article-title":"Ferroptosis, trophoblast lipotoxic damage, and adverse pregnancy outcome","volume":"108","author":"Beharier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Torres, J., Espino-Y-Sosa, S., Martinez-Portilla, R., Borboa-Olivares, H., Estrada-Gutierrez, G., Acevedo-Gallegos, S., Ruiz-Ramirez, E., Velasco-Espin, M., Cerda-Flores, P., and Ramirez-Gonzalez, A. (2024). A Narrative Review on the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147569"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.325119","article-title":"Placental Hypoxia-Induced Ferroptosis Drives Vascular Damage in Preeclampsia","volume":"136","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-027631","article-title":"Interleukin-6 induces hepcidin expression through STAT3","volume":"108","author":"Wrighting","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_268","first-page":"e26699","article-title":"Association of Serum Hepcidin With Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1730322","article-title":"Increased hepcidin levels in preeclampsia: A protective mechanism against iron overload mediated oxidative stress?","volume":"35","author":"Bobby","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_270","first-page":"9628726","article-title":"Are There Differences in the Anthropometric, Hemodynamic, Hematologic, and Biochemical Profiles between Late- and Early-Onset Preeclampsia?","volume":"2018","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Int."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, Y.I.B., Yagoub, H.S., Hassan, M.A., Adam, I., and Hamdan, H.Z. (2023). Maternal serum iron status, hepcidin and interleukin-6 levels in women with preeclampsia. Front. Physiol., 14, Erratum in Front. Physiol.\u00a02024, 15, 1383996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2024.1383996.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1383996"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2018.03.005","article-title":"Increased serum iron in preeclamptic women is likely due to low hepcidin levels","volume":"53","author":"Brunacci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornacki, J., Olejniczak, O., Sibiak, R., Gutaj, P., and Wender-O\u017cegowska, E. (2023). Pathophysiology of Pre-Eclampsia-Two Theories of the Development of the Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010307"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102555","article-title":"Ferritin light chain deficiency-induced ferroptosis is involved in preeclampsia pathophysiology by disturbing uterine spiral artery remodelling","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-026-00896-x","article-title":"MiR-150-3p as a diagnostic biomarker and regulator of ferroptosis in preeclampsia via targeting FTH1","volume":"78","author":"Geng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101402","article-title":"miR-30-5p-mediated ferroptosis of trophoblasts is implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2071459","article-title":"The role of miRNA-210 in pre-eclampsia development","volume":"54","author":"Jaszczuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70130","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.70130","article-title":"Death by Iron: Ferroptosis in the Aetiology and Outcome of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"42","author":"Monisha","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsi, V., Alifragki, A., Fragkiadakis, K., Kopidakis, N., Kallergis, E., Zacharis, E., Kampanieris, E., Simantirakis, E., Tsioufis, K., and Marketou, M. (2025). The Emerging Roles of Ferroptosis and NETosis in Pregnancy Complications: Insights into Preeclampsia and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47090685"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tossetta, G., Campagna, R., Vignini, A., Maruotti, G.M., Motta, M., Murolo, C., Sarno, L., Grelloni, C., Cecati, M., and Giannubilo, S.R. (2026). The Placenta in Gestational Diabetes: An Integrated Review on Metabolic Pathways, Genetic, Epigenetic and Ultrasound Biomarkers for Clinical Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020919"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zgutka, K., Tkacz, M., Tomasiak, P., Piotrowska, K., Ustianowski, P., Pawlik, A., and Tarnowski, M. (2024). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Inflammation in the Placenta via IL-1\u03b2 and Toll-like Receptor Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111409"},{"key":"ref_282","first-page":"4068","article-title":"Placenta inflammation is closely associated with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Su, X., Wei, W., Xu, Y., Ni, Y., Baimu, D., Yan, H., Yang, H., and Ye, H. (2026). Association of iron nutritional homeostasis and hepcidin gene polymorphisms with gestational diabetes mellitus. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-026-08870-3"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2007.03.005","article-title":"Iron\/IRP-1-dependent regulation of mRNA expression for transferrin receptor, DMT1 and ferritin during human erythroid differentiation","volume":"35","author":"Kato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.1998.0339","article-title":"Increased placental iron regulatory protein-1 expression in diabetic pregnancies complicated by fetal iron deficiency","volume":"20","author":"Georgieff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, A., Zhao, J., Lu, M., Gu, Y., Zhu, Y., Chen, D., and Fu, J. (2016). Expression of Hepcidin and Ferroportin in the Placenta, and Ferritin and Transferrin Receptor 1 Levels in Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood in Pregnant Women with and without Gestational Diabetes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13, Erratum in Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22040636.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22040636"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7311","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201903054R","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus affects placental iron homeostasis: Mechanism and clinical implications","volume":"34","author":"Zaugg","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Zhou, S., Cui, Z., Li, J., Liu, L., Feng, X., Ye, H., Ma, K., Huang, S., and Xiang, Q. (2026). DHA ameliorates GDM placental angiogenesis by regulating HAMP-mediated iron imbalance. J. Adv. Res., S2090-1232(26)00224-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2026.03.005"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14791641231173627","DOI":"10.1177\/14791641231173627","article-title":"Comparative study of microvascular structural changes in the gestational diabetic placenta","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diab Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khodaei, M.M., Noori, Z., Zare, F., and Meshkin, A. (2025). Ferroptosis and recurrent miscarriage: A critical review of pathophysiology and emerging therapeutic targets. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1559300"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-23372-6","article-title":"Role of ferroptosis-related GPX4 signaling in the fusion of human trophoblast cells","volume":"15","author":"Yoshida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.013","article-title":"Bisphenol A induces placental ferroptosis and fetal growth restriction via the YAP\/TAZ-ferritinophagy axis","volume":"211","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2025.111777","article-title":"Ferroptosis contributed to endoplasmic reticulum stress in preterm birth by targeting LHX1 and IRE-1","volume":"132","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20420986231181335","DOI":"10.1177\/20420986231181335","article-title":"Safety monitoring of oral iron supplements in pregnant women with anemia: A multi-center observational clinical study","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05192-5","article-title":"Obesogenic diet in pregnancy disrupts placental iron handling and ferroptosis and stress signalling in association with fetal growth alterations","volume":"81","author":"Zaugg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2023.102407","article-title":"Placental dysfunction in obese women and antenatal surveillance","volume":"91","author":"Doshani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Guo, F., Liu, K., Ding, R., and Wang, Y. (2023). The effect of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on placental development. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1059854"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02305-2","article-title":"Ferroptosis induced by environmental pollutants and its health implications","volume":"11","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Li, C., Dong, X., Wang, B., Qin, J., and Lv, H. (2025). Natural Products as Modulators of Iron Metabolism and Ferroptosis in Diabetes and Its Complications. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162714"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Giacomo, C., Malfa, G.A., Tomasello, B., Bianchi, S., and Acquaviva, R. (2023). Natural Compounds and Glutathione: Beyond Mere Antioxidants. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071445"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, X., Elsabagh, M., He, F., Wu, H., Zhang, B., Fan, K., Wang, M., and Zhang, H. (2025). Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites Modulate Pregnancy Outcomes by Regulating Placental Autophagy and Ferroptosis. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14080970"},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Chen, X., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Mechanisms of Vitamins Inhibiting Ferroptosis. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121571"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Shi, Y., Zhou, M., Chen, M., Ji, S., Liu, X., Zhou, M., Xia, R., Zheng, X., and Wang, W. (2024). Nutrient vitamins enabled metabolic regulation of ferroptosis via reactive oxygen species biology. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1434088"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, X., Wang, S., Miao, R., and Zhong, J. (2023). Targeting Iron Metabolism and Ferroptosis as Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030591"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03640-4","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of synthetic and natural iron chelators against ferroptosis","volume":"398","author":"Prabhune","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.7b00028","article-title":"On the Mechanism of Cytoprotection by Ferrostatin-1 and Liproxstatin-1 and the Role of Lipid Peroxidation in Ferroptotic Cell Death","volume":"3","author":"Zilka","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101328","article-title":"Insight into the mechanism of ferroptosis inhibition by ferrostatin-1","volume":"28","author":"Miotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-01010-5","article-title":"Ferroptosis inhibitor liproxstatin-1 alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in mice: Potential involvement of PANoptosis","volume":"44","author":"Tong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2500566","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202500566","article-title":"Dipyridamole Acts as Clinical Ferroptosis Inhibitor to Prevent from Tissue Injury","volume":"12","author":"Zhuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25003","article-title":"Antiferroptotic Drugs Reduce sFlt-1 Release and Placenta Damage in Preeclampsia","volume":"82","author":"Lianski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Glandorff, C., and Sun, M. (2024). GSH and Ferroptosis: Side-by-Side Partners in the Fight against Tumors. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060697"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27319","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009201117","article-title":"PLA2G6 guards placental trophoblasts against ferroptotic injury","volume":"117","author":"Beharier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngo, V., and Duennwald, M.L. (2022). Nrf2 and Oxidative Stress: A General Overview of Mechanisms and Implications in Human Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122345"},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13496","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13496","article-title":"The role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) in normal and pathological pregnancy: A systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Tantengco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.02.012","article-title":"Change in iron transporter expression in human term placenta with different maternal iron status","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/19\/8856\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:11:23Z","timestamp":1791951083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/19\/8856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"references-count":315,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27198856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27198856","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]}}}