{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:50:44Z","timestamp":1791435044336,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y T\u00e9cnica","award":["PICT 2016 No. 187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2016 No. 187"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y T\u00e9cnica","award":["PICT 2020 No. 0613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2020 No. 0613"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y T\u00e9cnica","award":["PICT 2020 01201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2020 01201"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIP 2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP 2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mabel Yudi Grant"},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de la Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056tb7j80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional calcium (Ca2+) imaging analysis often overlooks the non-stationary temporal complexity inherent in retinal circuits, reducing dynamic signaling traces to static summary descriptors. To resolve these dynamic signatures, we implemented a reproducible analytical framework combining Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) time-frequency decomposition with Sinc baseline filtering and Ward\u2019s agglomerative hierarchical clustering, applied directly to standardized high-dimensional feature spaces, reserving Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) strictly for low-dimensional visualization. This pipeline was deployed across three independent experimental models under blue light stimulation: mixed primary embryonic chicken retinal neurons, primary chicken M\u00fcller glial cells (MGCs), and the human MIO-M1 M\u00fcller cell line. Functional clustering resolved retinal neurons into three distinct kinetic subpopulations (k = 3), characterized by a kinetically stable core maintaining mid-frequency oscillations (Cluster 0), a cohort undergoing sharp post-stimulus period contraction with late amplitude surges (Cluster 1), and a low-frequency cohort with persistent period elongation (Cluster 2). Chicken MGCs partitioned into two operational clusters (k = 2), contrasting a period-stable, amplitude-decaying subpopulation (Cluster 0) with a dynamic subpopulation exhibiting light-evoked kinetic acceleration (Cluster 1). Similarly, human MIO-M1 glia separated into two major kinetic clusters (k = 2), distinguishing a low-amplitude, longer-period cohort from a high-amplitude, sustained subpopulation operating within an 8\u201380 s dynamic period band. Restricting phase-coupling and circular statistical analyses strictly to simultaneous Field-of-View (FOV) recordings revealed distinct stimulus-entrained network behaviors: primary avian MGCs maintain a decentralized, weakly coupled regime (\u201cmosaic of autonomy\u201d) that processes light across independent temporal windows, whereas human MIO-M1 glia and embryonic neuronal assemblies exhibit significant stimulus-evoked phase realignment and relative response latency sequencing. These findings demonstrate that inner retinal functional identity is fundamentally rhythmic and cluster-dependent, establishing a quantitative benchmark for decoding multi-scale Ca2+ signaling in healthy retinal preparations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:34:18Z","timestamp":1791279258000},"page":"8879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unveiling Glial Heterogeneity in the Inner Retina: Non-Visual Photic Spectrum Responses and Calcium Dynamics in M\u00fcller Glial Cells vs. Neurons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3692-6553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximiliano N.","family":"Rios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica \u201cRanwel Caputto\u201d, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia A.","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica \u201cRanwel Caputto\u201d, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario E.","family":"Guido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica \u201cRanwel Caputto\u201d, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00997-x","article-title":"Non-visual Opsins and Novel Photo-Detectors in the Vertebrate Inner Retina Mediate Light Responses Within the Blue Spectrum Region","volume":"42","author":"Guido","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. 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