{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:55:10Z","timestamp":1791305710885,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007686","name":"National Institute of Perinatology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["212250-3000-10916-01-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212250-3000-10916-01-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["212250-3000-10916-01-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212250-3000-10916-01-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ctdh943","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FOSSIS\/CONACyT","award":["272458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272458"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antenatal anxiety and depression frequently co-occur, negatively affecting maternal and offspring outcomes, yet their biological correlates remain insufficiently characterized. This cross-sectional study examined associations between anxiety and depressive symptoms and serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF), proteins implicated in pregnancy-related vascular adaptations whose dysregulation has been associated with placental dysfunction and negative perinatal outcomes. A total of 148 women with uncomplicated second- and third-trimester pregnancies were assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Serum BDNF levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas VEGF and EGF were measured using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay during late pregnancy. Based on scale scores, participants were classified as controls, women with anxiety without depressive symptoms, or women with anxiety and depressive symptoms. In the between-group comparisons, women with clinically significant anxiety exhibited higher BDNF and EGF levels than controls. Regression analyses indicated that anxiety severity was positively associated with BDNF, VEGF, and EGF levels (all p &lt; 0.05), whereas depressive symptom severity was negatively associated with BDNF levels (p &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest distinct associations of antenatal anxiety and depressive symptoms with circulating growth factors, particularly BDNF, and warrant further investigation of vascular\u2013immune\u2013neurotrophic pathways potentially involved in perinatal mental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:21:46Z","timestamp":1791303706000},"page":"8885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum BDNF, VEGF, and EGF Levels in Pregnant Women with Anxiety and Depression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Philippe","family":"Leff-Gelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ismael","family":"Mancilla-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Amado","family":"P\u00e9rez-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda, Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Av. 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