{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:48:37Z","timestamp":1791953317402,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent yet poorly understood functional gut disorder frequently associated with microbial dysbiosis, making microbiome-targeting interventions a promising management strategy. In this study, we evaluated the microbiome-modulating potential of three doses of triacetin (TA; ReBiome\u2122; 100, 200 and 300 mg\/day) and two finished formulations containing TA and\/or tributyrin (TB): Active Biome\u2122 (AB) and Bio Complete 3\u2122 (BC3). Inulin served as a benchmark prebiotic. The validated ex vivo Systemic Intestinal Fermentation Research (SIFR\u00ae) technology pipeline was applied using fecal microbiota from eight adults with IBS. TA dose-dependently increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels from 100 mg\/day, significantly increasing acetate and butyrate while maintaining low gas formation. In addition to acetate and butyrate, AB and BC3 also promoted propionate while BC3 induced a particularly pronounced butyrate increase. Overall, both formulations induced stronger SCFA but milder gas increases than inulin. TA, AB and BC3 enriched IBS-depleted, butyrate-associated OTUs related to Faecalibacterium and Anaerobutyricum species. AB and BC3 increased microbial diversity (community modulation score (CMS)) by promoting Bifidobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidaceae. Overall, TA and TA\/TB-containing formulations promoted butyrate production, potentially helping mitigate IBS symptom severity by inducing a favorable fermentation profile with limited gas formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27198910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:40:17Z","timestamp":1791596417000},"page":"8910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Triacetin- and Tributyrin-Based Formulations on IBS Microbiome Composition and SCFA Profiles: A Preclinical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2932-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam","family":"Jenkins S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Poppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4872-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Baudot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lam Dai","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Villella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gundry MD<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, 145 S. Fairfax Avenue, Suite 200, Los Angeles, CA 90036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1399-6332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Van den Abbeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31548-8","article-title":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"396","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-03953-7","article-title":"Alternation of the Gut Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Integrated Analysis Based on Multicenter Amplicon Sequencing Data","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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