{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:29:09Z","timestamp":1791462549555,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union-Next Generation EU-NRRP M6C2-Investment 2.1 Enhancement and strengthening of biomedical research in the NHS","award":["PNRR-MR1-2022-12375726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MR1-2022-12375726"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJNS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a heterogeneous condition present at birth, resulting in severe-to-mild thyroid hormone deficiency. This condition is difficult to recognize shortly after birth. Therefore, many countries worldwide have implemented newborn screening (NBS) programs for CH since the 1970s. The most recent European guidelines strongly recommend screening for primary CH, as well as for central CH when financial resources are available. However, no consensus has been reached yet to screen more rare forms of CH, such as Allan\u2013Herndon\u2013Dudley syndrome (AHDS), an X-linked condition linked to mutations in the gene encoding a transmembrane monocarboxylate transporter (MCT8), resistance to thyroid hormone beta (RTH\u03b2), and resistance to thyroid hormone alfa (RTH\u03b1). The combined measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and total thyroxine (TT4) on DBS currently allows the recognition of central CH (TSH low\/normal and low TT4 without defects in transport proteins). With the introduction of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) for measurement of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), it would be possible to screen for RTH\u03b2 (TSH normal\/high and high FT4). More complicated would be the method to screen RTH\u03b1. It would require the combined measurement of FT4 and FT3 and the determination of FT3\/FT4 ratio, while the combined measurement of FT3 and reverse T3 (rT3) to calculate FT3\/rT3 ratio would be useful to screen AHDS. In this article, we provide some reflections on expanding NBS for primary CH also to other rare forms of CH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns11030065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T15:53:37Z","timestamp":1755705217000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Is It Time to Expand Newborn Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism to Other Rare Thyroid Diseases?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Antonella","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5969-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Vigone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1310-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariacarolina","family":"Salerno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2068-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Persani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0333","article-title":"Congenital Hypothyroidism: A 2020\u20132021 Consensus Guidelines Update-An ENDO-European Reference Network Initiative Endorsed by the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and the European Society for Endocrinology","volume":"31","author":"Stoupa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1159\/000491388","article-title":"2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Central Hypothyroidism","volume":"7","author":"Persani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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